The United States has MASSIVE deposits of rare earth elements. A combination of regulatory environment, higher extraction costs, and public/cultural resistance to mining causes us to buy from afar, rather than extract at home. It is really that simply.
Cited examples:
1. California: Mountain Pass is the only active rare earth mine in the U.S., operated by MP Materials.
2. Texas: Round Top Mountain in Hudspeth County, Texas, is renowned for containing the largest deposit of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the United States. The site hosts 16 of the 17 rare earth elements, along with other critical minerals like lithium, beryllium, and uranium. Plans are drawn by The Round Top Project, managed by USA Rare Earth and Texas Mineral Resources Corporation, plans to utilize heap leach extraction methods to process the minerals. The project's estimated capital cost is approximately $350 million, with a projected revenue of $8 billion over a 20-year mining period.
3. Wyoming: Halleck Creek Project, located near Wheatland, Wyoming, is one of the largest known REE deposits in the U.S. Discovered by American Rare Earths, the site is estimated to contain approximately 4.34 billion metric tons of rare earth minerals. This substantial deposit positions the U.S. as a potential leader in the global rare earth market. The project has garnered support from state entities, including the Wyoming Energy Authority and the University of Wyoming Energy Resources Council, which provided a $7.1 million grant to advance development . Notably, the project is situated entirely on state land, streamlining the permitting process and expediting progress.
4. Montana: Lemhi Pass District, straddles the border between Montana and Idaho. The Lemhi Pass district is notable for its rich deposits of thorium and rare earth elements, particularly neodymium. The REEs in this area are primarily found within quartz veins containing minerals like monazite and thorite. Studies have indicated that monazite samples from Lemhi Pass can contain up to 35% neodymium by weight.
5. Texas: Barringer Hill, was once a significant source of gadolinite and other rare earth minerals, but is now submerged beneath Lake Buchanan. Economic and geostrategic realities could make conditions viable to extract below the lake.
6. Nebraska: Elk Creek, is a carbonatite complex rich in niobium, scandium, and REEs. NioCorp is advancing the Elk Creek Project towards extraction.
7. Alaska: Bokan Mountain, has heavy REEs mineralization within peralkaline granite. Ucore Rare Metals is developing the Bokan-Dotson Ridge project.
8. Montana: Sheep Creek, US Critical Materials Corp. last year claim to have bested Round Top, Texas, and alleges their discovery last year is the largest REE deposit in the United States, with confirmation analyses from independent Activation Labs, of Canada.
There are also the Upper Ordovician phosphorites across Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin; and heavy-mineral sands across the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
and Alabama containing known deposits of Monazite-Xenotime.
Honorable mentions:
• Missouri: Pea Ridge is a former / retired iron ore mine where preliminary studies found REE traces, that may contain substantial deposits and and is currently undergoing research by the USGS.
• Colorado: Wet Mountains are the exploration phase.
• Virginia: Stewartsville Pluton has been found to contain Light REE concentrations, and is scheduled for further studies for extraction viability.
Alternate Methods:
Coal Ash REE Recovery: New research from the University of Texas at Austin reveals that this vast supply of coal ash from spent fuel coal contains enough rare earth elements to significantly strengthen the nation’s reserves without the need for additional mining.
The United States has MASSIVE domestic deposits of REEs. They're just currently cheaper to buy from abroad, than the combination of local resistance, regulatory environment, and higher extraction costs.
Nobody over-regulates like the US, and the NiMBYs are powerful local lobbies. But if REEs from abroad are suddenly out of reach, these recreational activists will blow to the winds. Though there will be development time and costs, domestic supply will meet any domestic need ten-fold, for centuries.