Bitcoin developer and observer. @OpenSats grantee. Previously funded by @spiralbtc, @hrf, @bitcoinbrink, and @coinbase. bolt12@b10c.me (not an e-mail address)
Zurich, CH
- Tweets 1,226
- Following 223
- Followers 9,983
- Likes 7,229
We just had a rare-ish two block fork/reorg between Foundry and AntPool+ViaBTC. Foundry mined six blocks in a row.
bnoc.xyz/t/two-block-reorg-a…
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My miningpool-observer project recently reported six OFAC-sanctioned transactions as missing from blocks.
Four of these transactions were likely filtered by F2Pool. This is the first filtering based on OFAC sanctions I've seen.
More in: b10c.me/observations/08-miss…
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Looking at the merkle branches that mining pools send to miners as part of stratum jobs, it's clear that the BTCcom pool, Binance pool, Poolin, EMCD, Rawpool, and possibly Braiins* have exactly the same template and custom transaction prioritization as AntPool.
A single custodian now controls the coinbase addresses of at least 9 pools, representing 47% of total hashrate.
As demonstrated by this consolidation of mining reward outputs from AntPool, F2Pool, Binance Pool, Braiins, btccom, SECPOOL and Poolin:
mempool.space/tx/b1dc9e09a97…
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In response to block #682170, mined by MARA Pool, I'm announcing a project I've been working on. I hope this brings transparency into mining pool transaction selection.
miningpool.observer
This compares block templates generated by my node to the blocks mined by pools.
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How is the Bitcoin network being used?
I've build a Bitcoin Transaction Monitor to gain deeper insights on the Bitcoin network usage. Transactions are plotted by time and feerate, which reveals interesting activity patterns.
mempool.observer/monitor/
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An entity I call LinkingLion, active since 2018 and on a Monero banlist, is opening connections to many clearnet Bitcoin nodes. Its presumably attempting to link transactions to node IPs. Maybe a chain analysis company trying to enhance its product?
b10c.me/observations/06-link…
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MARA Pool mined its first 'clean' block today.
mempool.space/block/00000000…
ALT The image shows the coinbase tag of the block. The coinbase tag includes "MARA Pool - OFAC Compliant Block".
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Another sanctioned transaction missing from @f2pool's block 875840
miningpool.observer/template…
miningpool-observer alerting about a "Sanctioned Transaction missing from Block" on @f2pool_offical's block 875575.
I think it was reasonable for F2Pool not to include it as they knew about transactions paying a higher fee - but I'll keep an eye on it
miningpool.observer/template…
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btw, I'm still looking for people interested in joining forces on FOSS Bitcoin network monitoring. I'm not able to monitor a 2T dollar network "alone". I have more than double the work I can handle already
happy to mentor and introduce to potential grantors if you are interested
On "leaders" in Bitcoin Core
Im not interested in wading into semantics and definition hell here, but Ill point out that Bitcoin Core has MANY (what Ill call) project champions.
@fanquake has a vision and strong opinions about the build system
@MarcoFalke and the CI
@dergoegge and fuzz testing
@glozow on many thing mempool and policy
@pwuille and @suhasdaftuar on cluster mempool
@hhebasto owning Windows support, translations
@SomsenRuben and @josibake and silent payments
@the_charlatan_ and the kernel project
@0xB10C and monitoring
If you jump in on these projects, you'll be welcome to contribute with open arms, but you will feel the ownership, vision, and opinions of these folks on these initiatives.
But it isnt limited to just critical software engineering tasks that support at $2T magic internet money. Others do work on the Bitcoin protocol:
@darosior and the great consensus cleanup
@fjahr and work on cross input signature aggregation (CISA)
@ajtowns leading a project creating a whole new script engine with Basic Bitcoin Lisp language (bll)
There are many more examples of such "leadership", initiative, and ownership within the project.
So when it comes down to it, the "leadership" criticism of Bitcoin Core isn't about developers taking initiative, or owning and championing projects. The criticism is quite narrow in scope:
Of the dozens of projects and initiatives across Bitcoin Core's codebase and the Bitcoin protocol that have champions, people are upset that there isn't a covenants champion.
That's it.
This is a fine and reasonable opinion to have. But to then generalize that the project has "no leadership" because no one is currently championing covenants is an unjustifiable claim.
nitter.app/cguida6/status/1869381…
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I had another look at similarities between mining pool block template by comparing the Merkle branches in the mining jobs. This confirms suspicion about proxy pools and raises the question if some pools are directly peering with each other.
b10c.me/observations/12-temp…
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I took a look at non-standard transactions in the last 117k blocks. Here's an overview:
b10c.me/observations/09-non-…
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In January, while investigating a misbehaving client on the Bitcoin P2P network, I found a vulnerability in @ViaBTC's SPV mining code that allowed a remote attacker to waste their 60 EH/s hashrate by sending a single, crafted Bitcoin P2P message.
Details:
b10c.me/blog/012-viabtc-spv-…
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fwiw: I haven't seen any active censorship in the ~last year of monitoring which transactions are included and not included in #Bitcoin blocks. Especially no tx to or from OFAC sanctioned addresses being censored. I'll be loud and clear when it happens.
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Looking at the pools that mined more than 3 blocks since taproot activation or included a P2TR spend, it's clear that F2Pool and AntPool are, very likely, NOT including P2TR spends. F2Pool already mentioned that they will upgrade their infrastructure soon.
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I had a closer look at 15 OFAC-sanctioned transactions recently reported as missing by my miningpool-observer. While all transactions were picked up in the following blocks, it seems like one mining pool started to filter them (again).
b10c.me/observations/13-miss…
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I'm very grateful for this incredible opportunity. It enables me to focus full-time on open source #Bitcoin projects for at least a year starting February 2021.
Onward!
In October, we announced the launch of the Crypto Community Fund. Today, we’re excited to announce the Fund’s first two Bitcoin developer grants to @0xB10C and @promag. Both will receive grants that fund them through 2021. blog.coinbase.com/announcing…
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I've build a simple python plugin to show how easy it is to build a plugin for @Blockstream's v0.7 release of c-lightning.
Export a your c-lightning payments into a CSV file directly from lightning-cli. ⚡
Clone it at github.com/0xB10C/c-lightnin… #clightning
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Seems like @ocean_mining is filtering out some OP_RETURN transactions.
See on miningpool.observer/template…
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I'm streaming the #Bitcoin Taproot🌱soft-fork activation.
Join me for sound notifications and a real-time feed of blocks and taproot transactions!
nitter.app/i/broadcasts/1MnxnkVap…
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Earlier today, AntPool and Foundry both found a block at height 845869.
Foundry's block was found a few seconds after AntPool's. All pools, including Foundry, continued mining on AntPool's block.
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Now @MarathonDH mined an invalid block at 809478 on mainnet. I observed the block on 9 out of 9 nodes.
ERROR: ConnectTip: ConnectBlock 000000000000000000006840568a01091022093a176d12a1e8e5e261e4f11853 failed, bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent, CheckTxInputs: inputs missing/spent
Frequent invalid blocks being relayed on testnet in the last hours.
ERROR: ConnectBlock: Consensus::CheckTxInputs: aca785e8[..]ea413775f5, bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent, CheckTxInputs: inputs missing/spent
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miningpool-observer alerting about a "Sanctioned Transaction missing from Block" on @f2pool_offical's block 875575.
I think it was reasonable for F2Pool not to include it as they knew about transactions paying a higher fee - but I'll keep an eye on it
miningpool.observer/template…
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I was curious how the @ocean_mining block templates compare in terms of fees. Here's a quick-and-dirty client-side tool that connects the OCEAN web sockets and plots the fees in the template:
0xb10c.github.io/ocean-xyz-t…
A decentralized #Bitcoin is a Bitcoin where miners decide what goes in blocks, not pools.
OCEAN's ultimate goal is to make this a reality, and today we take one step closer to our vision of decentralized block template construction.
Available immediately, OCEAN is offering 𝗺𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗯𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗲𝘀, giving miners control over what blocks they are mining.
The three options are:
1) OCEAN Recommended (most real financial transactions and least spam)
2) Bitcoin Core with the “Ordisrespector” spam filter
3) Unmodified Bitcoin Core (same as other pools with fewest financial transactions and most spam)
OCEAN will continue its 0% promotional pool fee for options 1 & 2 while there will be a competitive pool fee of 2% for option 3.
Our fees are structured to incentivize miners to make choices that benefit the Bitcoin network in the long term.
Suggestions for more templates? Let us know at mining@ocean.xyz.
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Earlier today, @FoundryServices mined two blocks at height 847849. Six out of 10 of my nodes saw the loosing block first.
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Bitcoin appears to have had a chainsplit of length 2 a few hours ago
forkmonitor.info/stale/78868…
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full-RBF by default in Bitcoin Core v28.0
Merged PR from 1440000bytes: policy enable fullrbf by default github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/p…
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My data indicates the same:
Binance Pool = SecPool = SigmaPool
Bunch of pools all sending empty block templates this morning. Binance, Secpool, Sigmapool, EMCD, Headframe. Strange script tag for all of them too.
Today all of these combined represent ~115.42 EH/s (~14.69%)
Surely they're not all using a centralized block template provider... right?
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During today's fork at height 848477 between AntPool and Foundry, all pools besides Foundry mined on AntPool's block.
While Foundry briefly mined on AntPool's block, they then switched to their own block and won against all other pools.
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34 Bitcoin addresses added to the OFAC sanction list
github.com/0xB10C/ofac-sanct…
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How mined on which previous block during today's fork at height 845626 (Foundry vs SpiderPool)?
Interestingly, Braiins, Ultimus Pool, and Luxor first mined on SpiderPools block before switching to Foundry's block. Ultimately, SpiderPool's block won decided by AntPool's 845628.
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In my third Mempool Observation, I describe and use a methodology to identify @Blockchain wallet transactions, derive wallet-usage insights, and discuss potential wallet privacy improvements.
b10c.me/mempool-observations…
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It seems there was another invalid block by @F2Pool a few hours ago.
000000000000000000046a2698233ed93bb5e74ba7d2146a68ddb0c2504c980d
ERROR: ConnectBlock(): too many sigops
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In my second Mempool Observation, I cover the daily multi-megabyte BitMEX broadcast at 13:08 UTC. I show the effects on the Bitcoin network and discuss how the transaction count and size could be drastically reduced.
b10c.me/mempool-observations…
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Update: F2Pool included their first P2TR spend (mempool.space/tx/414ef7844f2…) today in block 710269.
F2Pool reached out, and we debugged the issue: Nodes are up-to-date but didn't have any >=v0.21.1 peers (due to custom patches and addnode) that relayed P2TR spends. That's fixed now.
Looking at the pools that mined more than 3 blocks since taproot activation or included a P2TR spend, it's clear that F2Pool and AntPool are, very likely, NOT including P2TR spends. F2Pool already mentioned that they will upgrade their infrastructure soon.
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Yesterday, the Bitcoin Core project disclosed three vulnerabilities fixed in v25.0.
I have old screenshots and observations from the "DoS due to inv-to-send sets growing too large" which I can share now.
(the disclosure explains the bug, this is only extra/visual context)
Before Bitcoin Core v25.0, a peer sending mutated blocks could clear the download state of other peers that also announced the block to us, which would hinder block propagation: bitcoincore.org/en/2024/10/0…
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Todays fork between Foundry (winning) and AntPool again shows that AntPool (& friends/proxies) isn't mining on their own block during a fork.
AntPool first send an empty job mining on their own block but then switched to Foundry's block and found a block on it.
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Realtime Bitcoin Core P2P monitoring with User-Space, Statically Defined Tracing (USDT) and eBPF.
This is one of the examples from github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/p… (with added IP masking).
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Grateful for the LTS grant from @OpenSats! Bitcoin is still the most interesting thing to work on for me - super happy to be able to do it full-time for another while.
Our latest Long Term Support grantee, @0xB10C, builds bitcoin network monitoring tools, notably the Bitcoin Core tracing framework, providing detailed insights into network activities.
opensats.org/blog/0xB10C-rec…
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No drop in inbound connections to my Bitcoin P2P monitoring nodes since the start of the #cloudstrike incident.
(matches my assumption that most nodes probably don't run on Windows servers with cloudstrike installed)
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BitMEX is processing withdrawals
mempool.observer/monitor/?fi…
Word on the street is that BitMEX is processing withdrawals right now, out of normal processing hours, to prove funds are SAFU.
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We donated 4 of the 6 existing mainnet Pay-to-Taproot outputs (currently anyone-can-spend) to @bitcoinbrink.
Thank you @f2pool and @satofishi for including the non-standard transaction in a block!🐟
b10c.me/blog/007-spending-p2…
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A short-term solution is to ban the entity. Here's a banlist: github.com/0xB10C/banlist. It is centralized, incomplete, and your node works fine without it.
Fixing that transactions can be linked to IPs requires P2P protocol changes. Worth reconsidering Dandelion++ at some point?
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Update 2: AntPool included their first P2TR spend (mempool.space/tx/cf0cfea65b9…) in block 710494.
All pools that mined ten or more blocks since taproot activation have included at least one P2TR spend.
Update: F2Pool included their first P2TR spend (mempool.space/tx/414ef7844f2…) today in block 710269.
F2Pool reached out, and we debugged the issue: Nodes are up-to-date but didn't have any >=v0.21.1 peers (due to custom patches and addnode) that relayed P2TR spends. That's fixed now.
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Another fork between AntPool (loosing) and Foundry (winning). While my data shows that all pools besides Foundry mined on AntPool's block, ViaBTC found a block on Foundry's block.
Also, we see forks now almost every other day now..
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ERROR: AcceptBlock: bad-witness-nonce-size…
You might have seen this in the debug log of your listening Bitcoin Core node. I dug into the origin and found that ViaBTC's mining server broadcasts mutated blocks without witness data:
b10c.me/observations/10-viab…
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fyi @mempool this address shows a negative balance for me
node210 fra (v3.1.0-dev) [01df22ef][17255d15]
mempool.space/address/3JP3zF…
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It's grant-seeking season for me, and I wrote up what I have been working on in 2022 and what I plan to work on this year: continuing my current Bitcoin network monitoring efforts.
b10c.me/blog/011-2022-review…
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Taproot is active! 🎉
Took four blocks until the first Taproot spend was included (thanks @FoundryServices!).
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Initial USDT support for Bitcoin Core was merged: Tracing to make Bitcoin an even more stable coin.
github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/p…
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consider your whirlpool mixes unmixed, I guess?
Founders and CEO of cryptocurrency mixing service arrested and charged with money laundering and unlicensed money transmitting offenses
@IRSCI_NY @NewYorkFBI
🔗: justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/fou…
ALT Image of the seized Samourai website
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Remember: Mining pools are not the enemies of Bitcoin. Just the transparency into the blocks they try to mine is currently missing.
Stratum v2 fixes this.
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I'm backing up and mirroring (to test the backups) Bitcoin Core related GitHub repositories on
mirror.b10c.me
and
e3y5vky4v7snefqyhbn6kcmyl5fo….
and I've written a few lines about this in b10c.me/projects/021-github-…
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During today's fork between ViaBTC (losing) and AntPool (winning), AntPool & a few other pools briefly mined empty blocks on AntPools block before switching to ViaBTCs.
Foundry ended up mining a block on AntPool's block causing AntPool, despite giving up on it's block, to win.
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For clarification: I'm not in any way affiliated with the MARA Pool (or any other mining pool for that matter).
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Very grateful for the support from @hrf!
Grant #2: $50,000 to @0xB10C for their work on Bitcoin Core tracepoints, P2P monitoring, fork observer, mining pool observer, and Bitcoin data
Funding supports 0xB10C's efforts to monitor the Bitcoin network for anomalies, improving network security and resiliency 🦾
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I like the @ocean_mining spirit & generally agree with their mission. However, filtering transactions in the first block and taking custody of payouts (as a "non-custodial" pool) is a weird move.
(yes, missing ~7.7 mBTC in fees is very different than missing 83.5BTC in fees)
Another pool announced today that it has custody of an 83 BTC fee that it intends to give away. With OCEAN, those 83 BTC wouldn’t be in our custody—they’d already be in our miners’ wallets, paid directly by Bitcoin. The decision to refund should be up to the miners, not the pools
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Grants for Bitcoin mining monitoring tools:
Block Watcher, a bitcoin mining analytics platform to help inform smarter mining decisions.
Check out blockwatcher.org to learn more.
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This post by @boerst inspired me to dig into the invalid "AntPool & friends" mining jobs a bit deeper. Findings:
- happens during forks
- likely bug in @AntPoolofficial coinbase building
- probably not selfish mining
- proxy pools affected too
Full post: b10c.me/observations/14-antp…
I added historical data to stratum.work over the weekend.
Looking at some really interesting block templates sent out for height 885797 by Antpool, CloverPool, Ultimus, Rawpool, and Poolin.
stratum.work/height/885797
These are interesting because:
- Empty merkle branches, but yet coinbase outputs total more than subsidy (3.125), which means that they are collecting fees for nonexistent txs. This would have resulted in an invalid block if it had gotten mined (consensus violation).
- The previous block hash for these is different than the rest of the pools and it's for a block that I can't find anywhere, so evidently never made it into the chain, and has a valid PoW: 00000000000000000001509b28e96d4eba8508a8885e78dc83b60cacdeb985ea
Curious what happened here... Botched selfish mining attempt? Glitchy template code? I think that this pretty obviously ties these pools together in a unique way.
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Someone is having fun mining invalid blocks on testnet.
ERROR: ConnectBlock(): tried to overwrite transaction
ERROR: ConnectTip: ConnectBlock [..] failed, bad-txns-BIP30
CheckForkWarningConditions: Warning: Found invalid chain at least ~6 blocks longer than our best chain.
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I build an experimental Bitcoin Core Prometheus metrics exporter based on the eBPF and USDT tracepoints I add in PR #22006 (github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/p…).
github.com/0xB10C/bitcoind-o…
Grafana demo available on bitcoind.observer
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Frequent invalid blocks being relayed on testnet in the last hours.
ERROR: ConnectBlock: Consensus::CheckTxInputs: aca785e8[..]ea413775f5, bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent, CheckTxInputs: inputs missing/spent
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This indeed led to catching a bug in the recently added btcd pruning code - a small win for fork.observer!
All credit goes to @kcalvinalvinn for promptly analyzing this and working on a fix:
github.com/btcsuite/btcd/pul…
My mainnet btcd v0.24 mainnet (monitoring) node is stuck on block 830326:
[ERR] SYNC: Failed to process block 00000000000000000001a22c1c720af27eb193d3bc95371df04404eabe24f56e: assertion failed: view missing input 4538124686f31fdef2930639c5957e72af5796a078127548b58b783420f56e2f:1
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Plot of fee-bumps during yesterdays @binance 13.5 sat/vByte (dashed horizontal red line) consolidation flooding starting at 15:10 UTC (vertical red line). Each black arrow is a replacement. It connects the replaced and the replacement transaction.
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I took the time to write up some of my Taproot activation monitoring efforts last year and what we saw. I think it's important to document this for future Bitcoin developers and future soft-fork activations.
b10c.me/projects/019-taproot…
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I saw nearly double the number of RBF replacements yesterday than what I normally see. However, YTD there were more replacements when the fee event in March started on March 10th.
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During the fork at height 853051 between Foundry and Binance Pool, Foundry mined on their own block and won.
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Next to the RSS feed (miningpool.observer/template…), there is now also a page displaying recent missing sanctioned transactions on miningpool-observer:
miningpool.observer/missing-…
I had a closer look at 15 OFAC-sanctioned transactions recently reported as missing by my miningpool-observer. While all transactions were picked up in the following blocks, it seems like one mining pool started to filter them (again).
b10c.me/observations/13-miss…
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Stratum v1 jobs include (parts of) the coinbase transaction and the merkle branches a miner needs to compute the merkle root. If all branches are equal across pools, the block template is exactly the same.
This is a smaller merkle-tree with the stratum job branches highlighted.
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For example, it becomes apparent that #682170 did NOT filter transactions.
All transactions missing from the block had only been in my mempool for a few seconds. None are sanctioned.
Differences between templates and blocks are to be expected!
miningpool.observer/template…
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This is inspired by blog.bitmex.com/bitcoin-mine…, which is a good read for everyone interested in this topic.
I'd like to thank the people who have provided feedback on this project. You shall remain anonymous, as I don't want to imply endorsement.
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It seems like MARAPool had a transaction ordering issue.
66dfefcdc3eeec2745c11f511f6068d62f34c34c767ba0feed47f63f01ccc2d8 is the 6th tx in the invalid block.
It spends from 7d18f0eefce0497b5d0c9b61fdf816b7744587c7e5e57acc53de71d1dae59725, which is the 1454th tx in the block.
Now @MarathonDH mined an invalid block at 809478 on mainnet. I observed the block on 9 out of 9 nodes.
ERROR: ConnectTip: ConnectBlock 000000000000000000006840568a01091022093a176d12a1e8e5e261e4f11853 failed, bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent, CheckTxInputs: inputs missing/spent
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To fully understand the rationale behind the current state of Bitcoin development, knowledge about historical events is essential.
I've written about the history of Bitcoin development and attached an open source timeline covering historical events.
b10c.me/The-incomplete-histo…
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Anyone has an old debug.log of an always-on node lying around? Feel invited to donate your block arrival timestamps to github.com/bitcoin-data/bloc… for research.
There's a Python script that does all the magic (or, if you want, send it my way and I'll make sure to add the timestamps)
If we can, we will write a report on this topic in the coming days, based on the time gap between when each block was first seen by the ForkMonitor.info servers and the block timestamp
Some initial data is here:
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This is likely related to @ocean_mining using Bitcoin Knots. Knots has a lower OP_RETURN size limit of than Bitcoin Core.
Knots: 40 bytes of data
Bitcoin Core: 80 bytes of data
github.com/bitcoinknots/bitc…
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I've heard speculation about this all being liked to an FPPS partnership with AntPool/Bitmain.
Bitmain insures against bad pool luck but you have to use Bitmains templates/transaction prioritization and pay the mining reward to the insurer for later distribution.
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It does not seem to me that your team noticed the six invalid blocks on testnet a day before switching to mining on mainnet.
Frequent invalid blocks being relayed on testnet in the last hours.
ERROR: ConnectBlock: Consensus::CheckTxInputs: aca785e8[..]ea413775f5, bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent, CheckTxInputs: inputs missing/spent
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25 blocks to go, halving stream is live
piped.video/watch?v=C6D9OEjn…
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I ran the BitMEX proof-of-reserves script and can attest that the three BitMEX keys controlled 110090.53026106 BTC at block 693062 (July 29 2021). Their access to these keys is proven by their daily withdrawals.
[4/4] There is a 200MB file, which is a full list of all the UTXO’s under BitMEX’s control at block height 693,062. This totals 110,090 BTC.
The file also includes all the execution scripts, proving BitMEX can spend the money
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Seems like this was exploited on testnet the day after it was disclosed. My btcd v0.23.4 monitoring node is stuck on 2575398, while the btcd v0.24. node is fine.
This is the offending transaction mempool.space/testnet/tx/583…
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