Founder w/roots in academia. Founder @MIT Cryptoeconomics Lab. Past: Co-Founder & Chief Strategy Officer, Lightspark. Co-Creator, Libra. Head Economist, Meta.
California, USA
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1/ @Stripe just pulled back the curtain on @tempo, its corporate blockchain, and the pitch is a classic. You get an all-star team, state-of-the-art tech, an impressive roster of partners—including one of the card networks the whole thing is designed to replace—and "neutrality."
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1/ When @GaryGensler joined @MIT as a senior advisor to @Joi, he stopped a few times by my office. Since I was possibly the only professor at MIT deeply interested in crypto back then, I thought he had a genuine interest in learning about the tech & how it could improve finance.
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1/ Why everyone is wrong about stablecoins
@Stripe’s recent acquisition of stablecoin orchestration startup Bridge sent shockwaves through the crypto world. For the first time, a major payments company committed over a billion dollars to accelerate its use of this technology.
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3/ We need regulators and policymakers that care about the United States leading in innovation, not protecting incumbents.
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1/ Excited to unveil lightspark.com to the world! Over the past year, we've been working hard to enhance Lightning — making it simpler to use, smarter, and highly scalable.
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Stablecoins, a novel form of interoperable and programmable money, have the potential to rewire the global financial system. In doing so, they could allow software to eat banking and financial services — sectors left relatively untouched by the internet. @HarvardBiz w/@wu_jane
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28/ If corporate chains like Tempo and Arc succeed, it will mean the crypto experiment was not a revolution, but a failed coup. The backend technology would be different, yes, but the market structure would be eerily familiar.
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20/ It's the same fundamental economic truth we identified at MIT almost a decade ago: the only thing that truly separates crypto from the systems it aims to replace is that it's permissionless. Full stop.
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1/ I’m thrilled that @nubank has selected @Lightspark to bring the Bitcoin Lightning Network ⚡️ and Universal Money Addresses via the @umastandard 🌐 to its platform and customers.
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1/ Coinbase has consistently been at the forefront of crypto innovation, playing a crucial role in driving us towards mainstream adoption. It has been a pleasure collaborating with Coinbase’s engineering, product, and business teams to bring Lightning ⚡️ to @Coinbase in the near future.
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1/ Yesterday, @worldnetwork's @alexblania unveiled his latest plans to a room full of crypto insiders. The U.S. debut is noteworthy, but the real plot twist is Worldcoin’s sprint toward the mainstream and what that signals for crypto’s own leap to everyday commerce.
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3/ There's a cliché in tech and finance that being too early is indistinguishable from being wrong. Looking back on Libra, the stablecoin project I helped design inside Meta, I can confirm we weren't just early; we were also comically, spectacularly wrong.
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2/ I was surprised back then — and I am still surprised to this day — by how firm his conviction was about what constitutes a security versus not at a time where he did not know much about crypto or blockchain at all.
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15/ What makes the situation fascinating is the paradox at its heart. After a decade of spectacularly failed attempts to build their own private blockchain clubs, the big banks are grudgingly coming around to the idea that open, permissionless networks are the only way forward.
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1/13 Four years ago we came together as the founding team of ≋Libra to use crypto to democratize access to the financial system. As the last person from the original ≋ founding team involved in this phase of Diem, here are some personal thoughts and reflections on the journey.
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1/ Big news! 🚀 Coinbase is now rolling out #bitcoin Lightning, powered by @lightspark. 8 years ago, Lightning was just a white paper. Today it's truly going mainstream. 🔥
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1/ Decentralization theater is crypto’s oldest magic trick: networks with puppet masters backstage imitate the look of true peer-to-peer systems, all to rake in cash. It’s been a grift for over a decade, and the audience still claps.
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1/ Something fascinating about crypto and payments is that adoption is quietly taking two different roads—which, conveniently, will eventually run into each other. (h/t @cdixon @a16zcrypto)
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18/ But once they have a captive market, the temptation to tilt the playing field becomes irresistible. Would a sane competitor bet its future on Stripe's promise not to eventually favor its own products?
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19/ This isn't a new insight. It’s the very dilemma crypto was designed to solve. As @cdixon crystallized it, crypto’s purpose is to break this cycle of broken promises.
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2/ The price for this grand bargain? Just handing the fintech giant the keys to global payments. If this gives you a powerful sense of déjà vu, you're not alone. The only question is if Stripe can write a different ending for the movie Meta already showed us.
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Over 10% of U.S. 🇺🇸 to Mexico 🇲🇽 remittances now move via crypto rails, in a corridor that’s already among the most competitive and important globally.
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1/ Stripe dropped over a billion on Bridge, a stablecoin startup, fueling dreams of frictionless digital dollars. But as anyone who remembers Libra knows, stablecoins can’t live on high interest rates alone. When the Fed pivot comes, you’d better have a real business model.
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4/ We had a bad case of Silicon Valley hubris—the belief that elegant code can simply wish away centuries of financial regulation. We announced our plan to reinvent money with the subtlety of a foghorn, giving every incumbent on the planet time to find their pitchforks.
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29/ We would simply swap an old monarchy of card networks and financial sector incumbents for a new one of fintech giants. The throne will have new occupants, but it will be the same throne.
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30/ And in our fractured world, that reign would inevitably split along geopolitical lines. There is little chance the West and the East would agree to live under the same corporate king, leading not to a unified global system, but to at least two powerful, competing empires.
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1/ Fintech powerhouse Stripe is secretly building a high-performance blockchain called "Tempo," per a now-removed job posting and Fortune’s reporting.
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1/ AI doesn’t need a sci-fi upgrade to upend the economy—current models, and the cheaper, more capable versions already in the pipeline, are set to disrupt nearly every corner of the labor market.
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17/ The problem with corporate chains like Tempo isn't a matter of code—it's a matter of incentives. We already know the script. A tech player builds a network and promises fairness to get everyone on board.
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21/ From the very beginning of Libra, my biggest concern wasn't the external fight with regulators, but the internal one. I was terrified we'd never win the debate to make the network truly permissionless. You have to understand, these are the brilliant engineers who build the most efficient centralized systems on Earth. They looked at our crypto ideals with a brutal, and not entirely incorrect, logic: why are we tying ourselves in knots to decentralize the database when the underlying asset is centralized? To them, it was an elegant solution in search of a problem.
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32/ But if Libra’s ghost is a warning about a fundamental truth—that any system with a single architect is built on a fatal flaw—then Stripe is not writing a new story. It is merely staging an entertaining, and very expensive, sequel.
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31/ Ultimately, Stripe's Tempo is a referendum on the ghost of Libra. If that ghost was merely a product of bad timing, then Tempo is poised for a historic victory, and the crypto world's original dreamers may finally have to accept a more pragmatic, centralized reality.
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1/ Stablecoins were graduating from the playpen of crypto traders and DeFi “degens” to the main stage of mainstream payments. That fight is now on—albeit mostly off-camera—as a new wave of challengers readies its lines against incumbents Tether and Circle.
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27/ So what’s the lesson here? As long as there is a single throat to choke—or a committee of them—you can’t truly rewire the system. Worse, any network with an architect is living on borrowed time.
7/ In the long run, if interoperability is compromised, we’ll be back where we started—only with much larger financial incumbents than ever before.
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5/ And to top it off, we handed our political opponents a gift-wrapped narrative: a "basket of currencies" that let them paint us as Bond villains coming for the dollar and the euro.
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Excited to co-found Lightspark and build on the Lightning network #BTC – especially with this team! (@davidmarcus, @smedleyus, @JaiMassari, @jevering, @kphur, Tomer Barel). More at lightspark.com!
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24/ Why? Because regulators need a "clear perimeter." That’s a polite way of saying they need to know who to call—and who to fine—when things go wrong. Their entire compliance playbook was written for a world of intermediaries.
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13/ We got so close you could taste it: Libra’s license was physically sitting on the desk of FINMA’s president, waiting for a signature. And then Janet Yellen entered the chat.
How Libra Was Killed.
I never shared this publicly before, but since @pmarca opened the floodgates on @joerogan’s pod, it feels appropriate to shed more light on this.
As a reminder, Libra (then Diem) was an advanced, high-performance, payments-centric blockchain paired with a stablecoin that we built with my team at @Meta. It would’ve solved global payments at scale. Prior to announcing the project, we spent months briefing key regulators in DC and abroad. We then announced the project in June 2019 alongside 28 companies. Two weeks later, I was called to testify in front of both the Senate Banking Committee and the House Financial Services Committee, which was the starting point of two years of nonstop work and changes to appease lawmakers and regulators.
By spring of 2021 (yes they slow played us at every step), we had addressed every last possible regulatory concern across financial crime, money laundering, consumer protection, reserve management, buffers, and so much more, and we were ready to launch.
We had worked on a slow rollout of a limited pilot that some members of the Fed’s Board of Governors were supportive of. At last, Chair Jay Powell was ready to let us move forward in a limited way. The story, as I heard it, is that Jay Powell was told by Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen at one of their biweekly meetings that allowing this project to move forward was “political suicide,” and she would not have his back if he let it happen. I wasn’t in the room when this conversation happened, so take these words with a grain of salt, but effectively this was the moment Libra was killed.
Shortly thereafter, the Fed organized calls with all the participating banks, and the Fed’s general counsel read a prepared statement to each of them, saying: “We can’t stop you from moving forward and launching, but we are not comfortable with you doing so.” And just like that, it was over.
One essential point is worth making here. There was no legal or regulatory angle left for the government or regulators to kill the project. It was 100% a political kill—one that was executed through intimidation of captive banking institutions. That was the hardest part of this story for me personally. Not that we had failed, but that America, this country I immigrated to and became a proud citizen of because of its rule of law and value system, behaved in such a way for political reasons. It was a very tough pill to swallow.
The bright side of the story, though, was the many learnings from this wild ride. By the end of the project, we had made so many concessions to get a thumbs-up that the whole design of the network became a Frankenstein of our initial ambitions.
We also learned the biggest lesson of all, which is that if you’re trying to build an open money grid for the world—eventually moving trillions of dollars a day, designed to be here 100 years from now—you have to build it on the most neutral, decentralized, unassailable network and asset, which, hands down, is Bitcoin.
And now this is what many of us who went through this scarring journey are building together at @Lightspark. And this time, we won’t stop until we get it done!
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16/ At the very same moment, a new generation of challengers, led by Stripe and Circle, are betting everything on the opposite idea: that the future belongs to slick, branded, proprietary chains.
1/ 🚨 Can crypto scale without losing its soul? @stripe and @circle are both building their own chain! The question isn't speed or functionality—it's openness. Are we building an open protocol for money, or branded rails?
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12/ The legal framework we helped build is now, ironically, the basis for the GENIUS Act. We even had the notoriously meticulous Swiss regulator FINMA ready to give us the green light.
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New @federalreserve @FedResearch on stablecoins by @gordonliao and Caramichael borrows heavily from work we released last year... misses a few citations! ;) federalreserve.gov/econres/i… — November: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.… December: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.… and papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.…
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1/ Crypto Policy Needs to Empower Builders, Not Speculators — If the United States is to lead in crypto and AI, it needs clear rules that recognize the value these innovations can bring to the economy. Unfortunately, neither presidential candidate seems to understand this.
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Uninformed and arrogant perspectives like @EswarSPrasad’s set the progressive agenda back. The history of technology is full of examples showing how wrong these ideas will look in 10 years.
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22/ So, after months of negotiations and economic modeling with one of the world's top market design experts, Scott Kominers, our grand vision for a permissionless future was buried into a single and lonely four-page, appendix document.
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6/ There is a simple story one could tell about why Stripe will succeed where Libra failed. A story of better timing, a better brand, and the wisdom of being a second mover. In this story, Tempo is the inevitable winner.
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1/ The US risks squandering its technological leadership in the crypto domain. The @WhiteHouse's economic report exemplifies the insufficient research conducted to offer a balanced perspective on its underlying economics: whitehouse.gov/wp-content/up…
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1/ The original sin of every CorpChain (something I saw firsthand with Libra) is that they think they're in the technology business. 🚨 The inconvenient truth is that crypto's breakthrough was never a better database. In fact, it’s a deliberately worse one!
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9/ The Wrong Autopsy—The popular story is that Libra was a regulatory train wreck. The reality is that we were on the verge of becoming the most buttoned-up, regulator-friendly crypto project on the planet.
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Some people see crypto as tech. We see it as freedom. The freedom to build without asking permission. Do we build higher walls, or do we build open roads? History remembers only one of those choices.
At Sync’25, Lightspark’s @ccatalini delivered a masterclass on open networks, a powerful reminder that openness and interoperability are the foundation of the next era of payments.
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Thanks @tylercowen for the post! Great questions, here are replies to some of them. All the issues you raise, and especially those we have not addressed directly, will be formalized by the Libra Association @Libra_ after gathering feedback from everyone in the ecosystem. 1/15
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25/ A world where users truly control their own money is messy, borderless, and doesn't fit that legacy blueprint. For them, killing self-custody wasn't a choice, it was an obvious necessity based on the tools they understood.
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The crypto "idea factory" is finally here! Congrats @Tim_Roughgarden @danboneh @benediktbuenz @skominers @lera_banda @AriannaSimpson @alive_ @cdixon @sriramk! a16z.com/2022/04/21/announci… The talent this team will bring under the same roof...
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7/ The political climate, after all, is radically different today. @Stripe's brand isn't emerging from the wreckage of a scandal like Cambridge Analytica. And they get to learn from our very public mistakes.
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8/ So, case closed? Not quite. The problem is that this entire bull case is based on a fundamental misreading of what actually killed Libra.
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Looking forward to presenting our research on ICOs at the SEC this morning! #cryptoeconomics @SEC_DERA @SEC_News @MIT_Cryptoecon @MITSloan
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14/ This leads us back to Stripe, and a question that hangs over the entire project: can it avoid repeating Libra's fate? What happens when the antibodies of the financial system—the powerful incumbents—identify Tempo as a new threat and begin to swarm?
Introducing @Tempo.
At Stripe, we care about high-throughput, low-latency payments use cases. As the use of stablecoins (and crypto more broadly) grows across Stripe, Bridge, and Privy, we found that existing blockchains are not optimized for them.
For example, it's valuable for real-world financial applications that fees be denominated in a fiat currency that makes sense to the user, but existing blockchains denominate their fees in blockchain-specific tokens. Batch transfers are very useful in payments, but much less important in trading. Bitcoin does ~5 TPS; Ethereum does ~20 TPS, some (like Base and Solana) get to ~1k TPS, but Stripe peaks at >10k TPS. And so on.
As such, we decided to incubate Tempo, a new blockchain, in partnership with Paradigm. We think of Tempo as the payments-oriented L1, optimized for high-scale, real-world financial services applications.
Tempo is an independent company, with Stripe and Paradigm as the first investors. To ensure that Tempo serves a broad array of needs, we're excited to be working with Anthropic, Coupang, Deutsche Bank, DoorDash, Lead Bank, Mercury, Nubank, OpenAI, Revolut, Shopify, Standard Chartered, and Visa as initial design partners. We will start with an independent and diverse validator set, and plan to move towards permissionless validation. Tempo will have a built-in stablecoin AMM to enable platform neutrality with respect to different stablecoins, and Stripe itself will of course continue to work with many chains as first-class partners.
We hope that Tempo makes it easier for things like payment acceptance, global payouts, remittances, microtransactions, tokenized deposits, agentic payments, and more, to move onchain.
The Tempo team is 15 people today, led by the terrific @matthuang. If you're interested in building Tempo, get in touch! And if you're interested in partnering, reach out to partners@tempo.xyz.
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Today @lightspark welcomes @xapoprivatebank to the Lightning network! ⚡️ We're excited to work together towards a future where value can move without friction on a truly open network.
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26/ The irony, of course, is that this is an entirely solvable problem. Open networks are now pioneering their own native compliance tools that are much more effective than the old model. But for us, back then, it was simply a sign of things to come.
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11/ Despite a rocky start, we eventually had a US Treasury veteran at the helm: Stuart Levey, a man who knew the D.C. rulebook by heart. We were in weekly dialogue with every central bank that would take our call.
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None of this would be possible without a vibrant ecosystem✨of amazing customers & partners! Announcing today: the largest crypto-assets platform in the Middle East: @rain; merchant support: @FlexaHQ; risk management & compliance: @chainalysis @notabene_id @trmlabs. More soon!
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23/ Of course, the dream of a truly open system was the first casualty. The first domino to fall was the non-custodial wallet—a concession the Libra founding team extensively agonized over.
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1/ "Open always, eventually wins." Money is the last closed network. The next step is neutral, permissionless rails anyone can build on. Full talk ⬇️
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1/5 Exciting day @DiemAssociation! We are pleased to announce a partnership with @silvergatebank. @silvergatebank will become the exclusive issuer of the ≋USD stablecoin and will manage the ≋USD reserve.
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Thrilled to team up with @RevolutApp to push the frontier of payments! Big shout-out to Edward Cooper, @emilurman, Maz ElJundi, and teams for making this happen—now let’s build the future together. 🔥
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10/ We approached it with the seriousness of building—in the regulators' own view—potential systemic financial market infrastructure.
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Today we’re releasing the @lightspark Wallet SDK — now it’s extremely easy to build a delightful payments experience into your product! lightspark.com/products
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1/ AI and Crypto (Part I): Decentralizing AI—Big Dreams, Bigger Hype? This is the first thread 🧵and article in a four-part series delving into the intersection of crypto and AI. Buckle Up!
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1/ Stablecoins, a novel form of interoperable and programmable money, have the potential to rewire the global financial system. In doing so, they could allow software to eat banking and financial services — sectors left relatively untouched by the internet.
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1/ USDT’s market cap dwarfs USDC by 2.4x—that’s impressive enough. But here’s the kicker: @tether also boasts significantly deeper liquidity.
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Circle's choose-your-own exit:
1️⃣ IPO—works if it finds a complementary business model 💰 before the Fed trims rates.
2️⃣ @coinbase buy—feels native: the exchange already pockets ~50% of USDC yield and can truly scale it to the next level📈.
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1/8 The word stablecoin has become somewhat of a misnomer, as it is currently being used for a range of coins with drastically different economic properties. We discuss robust economic design w/@alonsodegortari: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.…
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2/ Bitcoin was the very first asset listed on @Coinbase more than a decade ago. With⚡️Lightning, #Bitcoin transactions will be soon real-time and low-cost, a much-needed upgrade given the recent surge in interest in Bitcoin. Discover more here: bit.ly/3xkjwAH
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It’s a bit like the early iPhone era, when phone makers convinced themselves it wasn’t some paradigm-shifting marvel, just a shinier version of what they already sold. Turns out, no, it wasn’t.
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1/ Following yesterday's @SenateBanking hearing on #stablecoins, here's a summary of the opportunities and challenges (w/@alonsodegortari & @theshah39): papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.…
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Isn't there a trade-off between the two? Store of value can live with high variable costs (transact more rarely), but benefits from high decentralization (high fixed cost). Medium of exchange needs low variable costs, but that comes at the cost of more centralization?
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1/ What should stablecoin reserves look like? The President's Working Group solution limits innovation to incumbents. With the amazing @theshah39 we offer a solution that can protect consumer and financial stability without stifling competition and innovation!
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2/ The magic isn't the tech, it's the promise a corporation can’t credibly make: that the rules of the game will never change to favor the house. It's a commitment to neutrality and interoperability enforced by math, not a marketing department.
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Bazaar vs cathedral, but for payments: x402 (open) vs Stripe (closed). Permissionless composability or curated reliability?
We have three cool announcements today:
(1) @OpenAI is launching commerce in ChatGPT. Their new Instant Checkout is powered by @stripe.
(2) We're releasing the Agentic Commerce Protocol, codeveloped by Stripe and OpenAI.
(3) @stripe is launching an API for agentic payments, called Shared Payment Tokens.
It's clear that internet purchasing modalities are going to change a lot, and we're excited to start to lay some of the foundations.
Links below!
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2/ Lightning can become the open protocol for money that the Internet has long needed. It's massively scalable, low-cost, offers instant settlement and full interoperability for all participants. All of this is built on the most secure and decentralized blockchain: #Bitcoin.
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1/13 "For competition to thrive, a truly interoperable payment system is needed [...] Today, consumers and merchants are locked into "walled gardens". Moving money between banks is expensive, and moving it between digital wallets is often impossible."
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Blockstream's ambitious attempt to use satellites to beam bitcoin nearly anywhere in the world. bit.ly/2vzykZJ
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Feeling is mutual! @trev & team are incredibly talented. More to come! ⚡️🔥
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Universal Money Addresses (UMAs) — an open source standard for money movement💲 to look and feel like sending an email 📨. Today it’s yours to develop on. Excited about what developers, wallets and platforms will build & invent with it. Discover more at: uma.me
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When do you actually need a blockchain? It all comes down to some simple economics #blockchain #cryptoeconomics papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.…
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1/5 This is the first article in a series delving into the intersection of crypto and AI. We begin with a simple question: can crypto’s decentralized architecture counter AI’s unstoppable drive toward centralization?
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1/ The @BIS_org just published a blueprint for “containing” crypto and DeFi. Think: writing parking regulations for a fleet of self‑driving drones — earnest work, two technological leaps behind.
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Exactly as @wu_jane and I predicted in @HarvardBiz: "While Visa and Mastercard would retain more of their competitive advantage by issuing their stablecoins, this is fraught with antitrust risk and would strain their relationship with the banks. As a result, the multiple stablecoins world is one the card networks will also embrace: It does not change their role, and they can add stablecoins just like new currencies." fortune.com/crypto/2024/10/0…
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1/ 🧵 A brief thread on:
— The United States debt
— The proposal for a Bitcoin strategic reserve
— Calls to replace @federalreserve Chair Powell
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3/ The beauty of Lightning lies in its foundation on #Bitcoin's safety and security principles. There's no sidechain, no need to trust a new set of validators, and no sequencer requiring future decentralization.
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Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens w/@joshgans now available for download! papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.…
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Join us tomorrow at 8:30 AM PT for a live discussion with @coinbase, @lightspark, and @bitcoinmagazine. I’ll be joined by @viktorbunin and Hannah Springwater of Coinbase, @frankcorva of @bitcoinmagazine, and @kphur. We’ll discuss Coinbase's recent decision to choose Lightspark to bring the Lightning Network to its platform. nitter.app/i/spaces/1eaKbgA…
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Economics of @Libra_: 1) reserve and stability libra.org/en-US/wp-content/u… 2) transition to permissionless libra.org/en-US/wp-content/u… 3) market design papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.…
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1/ Can crypto scale without losing its soul? Short answer: yes—if competition and interoperability are real. Longer answer in 🧵:
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1/ Imagine a world where you can send and receive messages irrespective of the messaging app you use. Same with sending and receiving money, reading updates from your social or news feed, finding the right product or service, or interacting with an AI agent.
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