Mina Protocol? 22 kB, lightweight blockchain? zkApps? They all sound so familiar, right? Since November 2024, I’ve been streaming live zkApp development content on X and YouTube. We’ve learnt a lot during the process and made use of Mina’s zkApps extensively, and discovered how zk-proofs can be utilized. The streams have been amazing and beneficial, but this month, April 2025, marks a significant milestone for Mina Protocol (yes, this is why I did not code zkApps live this month)! What has happened?
@MinaFoundation returned its role as the technical development leader of
@MinaProtocol to
@o1_labs. In the announcement Mina Foundation and o1Labs made, they stated, “The Mina Foundation transferred all technical roadmap and protocol engineering responsibilities to O(1) Labs following community feedback and internal evaluations.” From now on, Mina Foundation will only take care of the decentralized treasury and governance systems, and o1Labs has taken the lead for protocol development and engineering of the ZK infrastructure of Mina Protocol.
As a recent statement from o1Labs regarding the technical roadmap of Mina Protocol, they have stated that o1Labs has a hard fork plan set for Fall 2025. We’ll mainly talk about the components in the hard fork plans. You can access the detailed hard fork plan here (
forums.minaprotocol.com/t/fa…).
There are many things planned out for Mina Protocol which will benefit the Mina ecosystem immensely which are stated in the hard for plan above. However, in this article, I would like to talk in-detail about only some of them which particularly benefit the zkApps. Let’s dive in, and get Minapilled!
1) Reduced Slot Time:
As a priority improvement for the Fall 2025 Hard Fork, the slot time for the Mina Protocol network will decrease from 180 seconds to 90 seconds. This change is quite important in order to enhance the user experience of the zkApps. For example, if you, as a user, interact with a zkApp, you will have to wait for 3 minutes (180 seconds) for your transaction to be confirmed; it is a lot, right? After the upgrade planned for Fall 2025, this wait time will decrease to 90 seconds which will improve the user experience of the zkApps significantly.
Also, as you know, if you have ever deposited MINA token on your exchange address, you must have waited for more than an hour for your deposit confirmation. Why is this? In order to reach finality of your transactions, some amount of slots must be completed, and of course, the slot time affects the time taken for the deposit confirmation, improving the UX from another perspective.
2) Enhanced zkApp Application State
As a potential additional improvement, o1Labs states that it could improve the zkApp application state. Currently, each zkApp can store up to 256 bytes (8 slots where each slot stores up to 32 bytes). o1Labs will improve this number to 32 slots which sums up as a total of 1024 bytes of storage. This would be a really significant improvement for the Mina Protocol network because most applications should store more than 256 bytes which is essential for the applications to run. For example, in our “Building on Mina” streaming series, we have been building an Account Abstraction (AA) project on Mina, effectively making use of the zkApps and hardware enclave of our devices. Currently, in the project, we are using all the 8 slots of storage in our zkApp to store the public key of our hardware enclave signer. However, for more advanced AA projects, we need more storage slots. For example, we could set some public keys to recover our account in case of losing access to our hardware signer, and we definitely need more storage to operate our AA project in the most decentralized, trustless way! That is why I am very excited about this upgrade.
3) Expanded Event and Action Limits
In the Berkeley upgrade, there was a limit of 16 field elements for actions and events in account updates. This limit restricts how many events could be emitted or how many updates are done with the zkApp (actions). Why are events and actions important?
Let’s say you connect to a decentralized exchange (DEX) app, and you would like to swap tokens. As soon as you press the swap button, and confirm the transaction in your wallet, the loading button at the top right of the screen says that your transaction is being processed, but how does the website know if the swap is successful and our transaction is confirmed? Events help us here! Once the swap transaction is included in a block, the swap function emits an event that the swap is done, and the website listens to the event, and once it is emitted, we know that our swap is done! Also, actions represent the changes made in the zkApp state. Combining the knowledge we just talked about, bringing in complex applications like DeFi apps to be settled on Mina Protocol becomes difficult due to the limit of 16 field elements. Increasing this limit to higher numbers will allow more zkApps to be developed on Mina Protocol and make our ecosystem richer!!!
4) Decentralized Treasury & Onchain Governance
As stated in the beginning of the article, Mina Foundation will be leading the transition to the decentralized treasury and onchain governance system. With this new system, the token owners will be able to vote for new budget proposals and participate in the grant distributions for the Mina ecosystem projects. It is predicted that the first version of the decentralized treasury system will go live before the end of the year.
The new treasury and governance system is quite important for the Mina ecosystem because making the community involved with the governance of the project ensures more trust in the project! With the upgrades we have talked about so far in the article, these systems will have far better UX, and bring in more users into the Mina ecosystem, whilst encouraging users to move their MINA tokens into their self-custodial wallets to participate in the onchain governance.
To sum up, I talked about the technical and structural changes that are rolling out in the Mina ecosystem. There are more changes to be talked about, but I chose the ones that are more interesting to me. Also, I should state that these changes are not enough to increase the adoption of Mina Protocol, but it is an important step. What o1Labs and Mina Foundation are trying to achieve is unique, not like copy-pasta EVM chains, so the path to success will be more painful, but hopefully more rewarding! I would like to appreciate the engineers working for making Mina better, and the community managers for communicating what Mina is trying to achieve with the community members & rest of the crypto community. Hope to see more people get Minapilled, and take care :)
@MinaProtocol @o1_labs