News, commentary and research coverage from the international monthly journal publishing the highest quality of work in all areas of neuroscience.
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What makes the brain maintain voluntary #exercise despite attractive alternative options such as eating? #Orexin/hypocretin neurons are crucial for implementing the underlying valuation of eating vs running in mice
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💥We're hiring!💥
We're recruiting a locum editor, especially someone with expertise in cellular/molecular neuroscience, neurodegeneration, or neuroimmunology. This is a great way to test out an editorial career and see if it's for you!
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When an artificial neural network was trained to solve 20 cognitive tasks, functionally specialized modules and compositional representations emerged go.nature.com/2FyAIFO
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A GnRH neuronal population in the olfactory bulb translates socially relevant odors into reproductive behavior in male mice
@GiacobiniPaolo @NeuroendoLille @CognitionLille @univ_lille @Inserm
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A critical role for primary cilia in transmitting local cues that drive the region-specific diversification of #astrocytes within the developing brain
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In this scenario, the cost of publication is covered by an Article Processing Charge (APC) paid at the time of publication. The APC for Nature Neuroscience in 2022 is €9,500/US $11,390/£8,290.
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Functional boundaries in the human #cerebellum revealed by having participants perform 26 tasks spanning motor, cognitive, social, and affective domains during #fMRI go.nature.com/2G0pFEO
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A method to decode unknown variables by finding shapes in neural data shows the existence of a low-dimensional #manifold that forms a continuous ring of stable states in mouse head direction neurons go.nature.com/2MYHvfm
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New theory from @DeepMindAI showing how learning-to-learn may arise from interactions between prefrontal cortex and the #dopamine system go.nature.com/2Io9Qqk
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Our December issue, featuring a Focus on Single Cell Genomics, is now live!
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#Oligodendrocytes and neurons both contribute to Aβ plaque burden in a humanized knock-in #Alzheimer's disease model
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Mice lacking microglia (Csf1r∆FIRE/∆FIRE) have normal
-synapse number and maturation
-seizure susceptibility and hippocampal-prefrontal cortex coherence
-segregation of inputs into the lateral geniculate nucleus
-neuronal and astrocytic gene expression
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A review on the roles of #astrocytes, #microglia, and #tanycytes in brain control of systemic metabolism go.nature.com/2rt8ST5
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A new principle for learning in neural networks called ‘prospective configuration’, which is more efficient in learning and consistent with neural and behavior data than backpropagation
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Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics of #dopamine neurons from human substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) reveals 10 subtypes, one of which is selectively lost in #Parkinson's disease
New from @tkam80 @abdul_squared @macosko and colleagues
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Review: A neural manifold view of the brain
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A neural network formalization of systems-level #memory consolidation that postulates that memories only consolidate when it aids generalization
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A method to generate new neurons in the cortex and dentate gyrus of aged mice with a single injection of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), opening prospects for replacing neurons lost to neurodegenerative disease
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Synaptic-like transmission between neural axons and arteriolar smooth muscle cells drives cerebral neurovascular coupling (#NVC)
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Three genetic #dopamine subtypes within the substantia nigra pars compacta each have a unique set of responses to rewards, aversive stimuli, and accelerations and decelerations
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Autism is associated with inflexibility of brain dynamics. Watanabe and Yamasue show that TMS over the right superior parietal lobule while the brain is ‘stuck’ in a certain state reduces this rigidity and relieves various autistic traits.
@takamitsu_w
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The brain’s wake-to-sleep transition follows bifurcation dynamics with a distinct tipping point preceded by a critical slowing down
@nir_grossman @Junheng19 @ISN_Lab @UKDRI
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A theory of how the brain could implement planning through prefrontal–hippocampal interactions, where hippocampal replays are triggered by—and adaptively affect—prefrontal dynamics.
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Diazepam, a widely prescribed #benzodiazepine, impairs the structural plasticity of dendritic spines and increases microglial phagocytosis of synaptic material, causing cognitive impairment in mice
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Our May issue, commemorating our 25th anniversary, is now live!
Cover art by @Marina_C_Spence
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Structural MRI data from >45,000 individuals aged 3 to 96 years reveals distinct patterns of apparent brain #aging in several disorders go.nature.com/2lq3BMC
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While Bayesian models provide good accounts of perceptual decisions, it is unclear how their components are represented in the brain. Here, the authors show that uncertainty decoded from visual cortex helps predict behavior. go.nature.com/2EOvPGO
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#Microglia and #astrocytes propagate #neurodegeneration by releasing fragmented and dysfunctional #mitochondria into the neuronal milieu. Inhibiting pathological fragmentation of glial mitochondria blunts neuroinflammation and increases neuroprotection. go.nature.com/2kSWJqZ
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The brains of #COVID-19 patients have damaged blood vessels (more so-called string vessels representing remnants of lost capillaries); SARS-CoV-2 infects brain endothelial cells and leads to microvascular pathology via RIPK signaling
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Combining Hebbian plasticity with a predictive form of plasticity leads to invariant object representations in deep neural network models
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A toolbox called #DeepLabCut that uses deep learning to track body parts during various behaviors across multiple species can achieve human accuracy go.nature.com/2OR9E62
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Whole-brain projections of over 7,000 hypothalamic neurons expressing distinct neuropeptides in male mice, identifying 2 main classes and 31 types using single-neuron projectome analysis
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Development and validation of κLight, δLight, and μLight, a suite of genetically encoded #opioid peptide sensors for probing opioid drugs and brain-region/circuit-specific opioid release in behaving animals
@JasonCDong1 @LinTianPhD
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Our December issue, featuring our Focus on neuroscience methods, is now live!
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Total social isolation for 10 hours evokes similar midbrain craving responses in human participants as 10 hours of fasting does; new from @livia_tomova, @rebecca_saxe, @kaymtye
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A whole-brain atlas of direct long range inputs to GABAergic #interneurons in the medial #prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male mice go.nature.com/2YGl4Pl
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Cell-type-specific retrograde and anterograde tracing of neurotransmitter-specific projections to the ventral tegmental area (#VTA) reveals diversity of GABAergic inputs go.nature.com/2NcMKax
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A guide to science communication training for doctoral students
@christinamaher_, @GylesTrevonn, @EricJNestler & Daniela Schiller
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Brain clearance is markedly reduced, not increased, during #sleep and #anesthesia in male mice
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A whole-brain single-neuron #projectome of mouse prefrontal cortex (#PFC)
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🎉Please join us in congratulating Shari Wiseman (@sharilwiseman), who starts as our new Chief Editor today! And, learn more about our full team of outstanding editors here:
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In primates, activity in visual cortex is minimally driven by spontaneous body movements. These results confirm the functional specialization of primate visual processing and contrast with findings in mice.
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During moderate tonic locus coeruleus activation in mice, noradrenaline release engages cortical regions related to associative processing, while burst-like stimulation biases the brain toward sensory processing
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Mouse and human #decision-making relies on an interplay among multiple interleaved strategies, which often switch multiple times within a session
New from @zoe_ashwood, @jpillowtime , @theiStone , @IntlBrainLab, @anne_churchland, and @pouget_alex
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How do multiple synapses interact to modulate learning? @ejagnes & @TPVogels postulate models of “codependent” synaptic plasticity that promote rapid, multi-synaptic attainment of stable receptive fields, dendritic patterns and plausible neural dynamics
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Using dimensionality reduction techniques @mikio_aoi, @ValerioMante, and @jpillowtime disentangle the contributions of different task variables to neural population activity. rdcu.be/b79ji
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The #psychedelics LSD and psilocin directly bind to the BDNF receptor, TrkB, and this is required for effects on #antidepressant-like behavior in mice
New from @castren_eero @RafaelMoliner @p_casarotto @UH_Neuro @HkiBrainMind
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Transplanting wild-type neurons into the brains of #Alzheimer's disease model mice shows that #microglia contribute to the infiltration of amyloid beta (#Aβ) into the grafts
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A normative theory predicting which memories should be accessed at each moment to optimize future decisions go.nature.com/2Jansqs
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A human #Alzheimer's disease (AD) culture model using neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in a 3D microfluidic platform recapitulates key AD features, including beta-amyloid aggregation, phosphorylated tau accumulation, and neuroinflammatory activity go.nature.com/2IyTdrk
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.@Franklandlab and @sjo09 used optogenetic stimulation to engineer a fully artificial olfactory fear memory in mice go.nature.com/2vqjwMp
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MRI data from 11,354 individuals in the @uk_biobank establishes a link between white matter microstructure and functional connectivity; #GWAS identified genetic associations of these microstructure–function relationships. go.nature.com/2DgRgjt
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Trans-Seq combines a fluorescent anterograde trans-synaptic tracer with scRNAseq for post-synaptic circuit discovery from defined pre-synaptic neurons; used here to to map retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types to superior collicular (SC) circuits
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Mapping neuroanatomical changes in an individual from preconception through #pregnancy and 2 years postpartum
@laura_pritschet @chrastil @emilyjacobs @ucsantabarbara @UCIrvine @Bowers_WBHI
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We are deeply saddened to hear of Ben Barres's passing. He will be remembered as a brilliant scientist, a beloved mentor, and a passionate advocate for diversity.
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Humans (but not macaques) have cortical regions with a strong preference for harmonic tones compared to noise, perhaps due to the human brain's needs for processing speech and music 🎶 go.nature.com/2K5z95j
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"The Brain ‘Rotates’ Memories to Save Them From New Sensations", coverage of our recent paper in @WIRED
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Vagus nerve stimulation recruits the central cholinergic system to enhance auditory perceptual learning beyond the level achieved by training alone
@Froemkelab @katie_a_martin
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Two #fMRI studies (N=358) show that cognitive regulation of negative #emotion alters activity in the cortex, but not amygdala or other subcortical areas
@Boke89707488 @Pgianaros @torwager @DartmouthPBS
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Watch our animation on #Parkinsons disease. It focuses on mechanisms whereby neurons become dysfunctional, how pathology develops, and touches on therapeutic strategies. Made with @NatRevNeurosci and produced with support from @Roche. go.nature.com/2M1eYVo
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Gray matter volume changes in psychiatric illness occur in highly variable locations across individuals, but these differences often aggregate within common brain systems
New from @AshleaSegal @Afornito @amarquand et al.
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A tool for unsupervised dimensionality reduction beyond neural subspaces with slice tensor component analysis (sliceTCA)
@heikecstein @Cognition_ENS @InfAtEd @ENS_ULM @EdinburghUni
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GABA-dependent microglial elimination of inhibitory synapses underlies neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy
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We are saddened to hear of the passing of Bruce McEwen, a pioneer in stress research. Please enjoy his comprehensive 2015 review on this topic go.nature.com/2MTfRj7
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Two new papers on noninvasive brain stimulation in humans:
Noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning
@UPHUMMEL_EPFLMW @MJ_WesselEB @BeanatoElena
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#Dopamine signals shift gradually from time of reward to time of cue, similarly to the progression of temporal difference error in machine learning
New from Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida, @naoshigeuchida, and colleagues
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Neurons in the CA1 region of the #hippocampus encode events as discrete and transferable units of experience go.nature.com/2xVWtgF
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Three-photon microscopy for long-term in vivo three-photon imaging of the entire cortical column and subcortical white matter in adult mice reveals region-specific differences in healthy and regenerative #oligodendrocyte formation
@EthanHughesLab et al.
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.@KateWassum and colleagues show that lateral OFC→BLA projections encode the positive value of a reward, whereas medial OFC→BLA projections retrieve this value from memory: go.nature.com/2D3uz2h. Also, check out the N&V from Shannon Gourley: go.nature.com/2Z0okWq.
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A review from @DaniSBassett and Harang Ju on dynamic representations in networked neural systems go.nature.com/3d5UJk7
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells directly inhibit neurons in the parabrachial nuclei that in turn influence many forebrain regions. This alternative output pathway could enable the cerebellum to regulate emotions, anxiety, aggression and affect.
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Congratulations to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for winning the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on pain and touch!
BREAKING NEWS:
The 2021 #NobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded jointly to David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian “for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.”
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Physiological stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons does not function as a reward and does not endow cues with a reward representations. But, high frequency stim is represented as a goal that motivates behavior.
@ivybhoang @MelissaJSharpe @UsydPsych @UCLA
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#Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior #striatum reinforce avoidance of threatening stimuli, suggesting there are at least 2 axes of dopaminergic reinforcement learning in the striatum: one based on value and one based on external threat go.nature.com/2Q4bAcM
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After focal CNS injury, local mature #astrocytes dedifferentiate, proliferate and become transcriptionally reprogrammed; these wound repair astrocytes are the predominant source of neuroprotective borders that re-establish CNS integrity around lesions
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#Ketamine-triggered rapid antidepressant-like responses in mice, but not psychomimetic effects, are mediated by the GluN2A NMDAR subunit, not GluN2B.
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