Neuroscientist (PhD). Research interests include sex differences, dementia, sleep/circadian rhythms, and neuroimmunology.

Pinned Tweet
My pinned thread of threads, primarily containing citations and explanations about neurological/ psychological sex differences, sexuality, gender dysphoria, and other academic research interests of mine:
33
155
629
Non-binary doesn’t exist. Agree or disagree? 🤔
1,523
212
6,848
848,608
There is NO neuroscience for “gender identity”
217
363
3,550
Is there a bigger waste of time then doing a gender studies degree? 🙈
527
147
2,782
162,983
Trans women have female brains
What is the biggest scientific myth?
92
124
2,815
164,310
When I first started researching gender dysphoria I assumed that activists/trans people would be happy when I spoke of a potential neurological mechanism for their dysphoria (body perception), but instead they denied the evidence and said I’m a bigot… Why is this? 🤔
244
359
2,622
Sexual orientation is always in relation to natal sex. Thus, a trans woman (natal male) sexually aroused by other males, is homosexual.
A Trans woman aroused by males is a straight woman. They are showing typical female behavior in line with their Neurobiology.
55
133
2,613
140,155
Transwomen do not have “female brains”
126
204
2,380
Gender dysphoria and anorexia show lots of brain similarities (alterations in networks mediating body perception), but you wouldn’t suggest anorexics are “born in the wrong body”
56
331
1,835
What do the brain scans show exactly?
102
51
1,728
131,352
There’s NO neuroscience evidence supporting the concept of “gender identity”. Prove me wrong.
86
157
1,575
184,860
Young people make irrational decisions because their prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped. Prefrontal maturation is largely dependent on sex-hormones throughout puberty. Why, then, do we give kids puberty blockers? Where’s their chance of natural brain development?
45
413
1,545
In case anyone wanted to know, current neuroimaging data does NOT support the hypothesis that gender dysphoria is caused by a brain of the opposite sex!
46
231
1,485
74,259
“Scans of trans brains from an early age show we are more aligned with the gender we identify with. Hundreds of studies.” - @IndiaWilloughby Care to share with us these “hundreds” of studies that demonstrate this finding that are *not* confounded by sexual orientation and/or cross-sex hormone treatment? archive.ph/601Uu#selection-1…
107
155
1,513
75,563
Seems scientific to me…🙄
213
181
1,360
Do transgender persons show sex atypical brains? Many people suggest that trans people have brains more inline with their desired gender, and this causes feelings of gender incongruence. However, if we take a closer look, we see some important underlying issues.
74
368
1,288
Question for gender activists: If we know the vast majority of children diagnosed with gender dysphoria actually desist and grow up homosexual, why is there this urgent need to give them puberty blockers?
86
161
1,312
Another question for gender activists: If you believe transgender people have brains of the opposite sex, what brains do the other 79 gender identities have? 🤔
72
166
1,282
Why is the treatment for anorexia usually cognitive behavioural therapy, but the treatment for gender dysphoria (which shows similar brain pathology) is to affirm their belief by transitioning? Why is one curing mental illness, and denying the other transphobic?
59
232
1,151
If brains are highly malleable, and gender identity is fluid, why do activists think permanent medical procedures are necessary?
37
141
1,113
“Controversial” statements: - There are two sexes - Gender is just your personality - Cannot be born in the wrong body - Sex atypical brain ≠ transgender - Kids should not be given PBs - No such thing as “gender identity” Anyone else care to add to the list?
93
159
1,055
Great question I received from @JamesCantorPhD If a transgender person was born on a desert island (with no masculine or feminine social influence), would that person still grow up to be transgender? 🤔
182
88
1,029
Who wrote this, and what article is it from!? I want to have words with the author! 😂
138
70
1,091
49,268
I don’t know what’s worse, the blatant misinformation or the smirk when telling it… nitter.app/troonytoons/status/168…
395
103
954
75,557
There is NO convincing data that shows transgender individuals have brains of the opposite sex. Prove me wrong.
49
59
883
48,487
Reminder: Puberty blockers have no long-term studies and are not a “pause button”.
16
153
901
There is NO science supporting “gender identity”
45
143
904
29,725
There is NO convincing neuroscience data demonstrating an innate “gender identity”, or that gender dysphoria is *caused* by having a brain of the opposite sex. Prove me wrong.
77
113
912
68,491
Years ago a masculine girl was called a “tomboy”, now they’re called “trans”. Don’t get me wrong, I think gender dysphoria is very real for some people, but nowadays gender non-conforming kids are told they are “born in the wrong body”. This is ideology!
42
89
910
35,866
Define gender ideology in a single word, I’ll go first; Misguided.
873
63
845
48,546
You need to understand confounding variables. Homosexuality, on average, is associated with a cross-sex shift in the brain. If your transgender cohort is homosexual and you identify a cross-sex shift in the brain, how do know you that finding is rated to being transgender and not due to their co-occurring homosexuality? In your paper, the transgender women showed a BSI shift towards male proportions of 25%, the same percentage as the homosexuality within the same cohort. What do you make of this @IanCopeland5 ???
How do you fake neurological anatomy? One study found that the neurological anatomy of trans people was somewhere between cis males and females. One of many studies. Trans people are not mentally ill or "faking it". The facts are what they are... ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article…
77
109
782
120,502
Gender activists do NOT tolerate diversity of thought. You must think like them, talk like them, and act like them. Anyone who has anything critical to say is a bigot and excluded from their very “inclusive” group…
46
118
763
31,099
I don’t believe there is any neurological evidence for “gender identity”. To all the activists on here, can you convince me otherwise?
95
44
770
45,480
If we could diagnose gender dysphoria with a brain scan, is this something the trans community would actually want? We hear the beloved “opposite sexed brain” argument a lot, but I’ve also heard that a test for “true” gender dysphoria would be transphobic. So which is it?
87
63
743
33,041
People seem to confuse evidence for gender dysphoria as evidence for “gender identity”. These are NOT the same thing.
26
106
745
29,429
Heterosexual
What do you call a transgender woman who's attracted to women?
7
35
748
16,536
Why put your child on puberty blockers during such a critical time period of brain maturation? Doesn’t sit well with me.
71
47
691
26,776
This new account will be dedicated to delivering peer-reviewed neuroscience papers on a variety of important topics, from sex differences to sexual orientation and gender dysphoria. I will give detailed threads and explanations which people can cite.
27
103
701
“Non-binary” is a social identity (i.e., it’s self-proclaimed). Its central premise suggests that if you don’t conform to traditional gender roles (or conform to neither), you have a different “gender identity”. Males and females (on average) overlap in various behavioural and cognitive traits. Nobody is behaviourally 100% male or female-typical, so the concept of “non-binary” doesn’t make sense. It’s an unnecessary social/political identity.
70
96
696
35,502
For those of you wondering what a male brain looks like compared to a female one, here you go: Can I get my gender studies degree now?
31
69
663
What mutation?
They do, actually, have female brains. It’s a mutation that happens in the womb.
34
14
675
16,072
Despite repeated claims from gender activists, the concept of Autogynephilia (AGP) as an explanation for gender dysphoria in heterosexual males has not been “debunked”.
26
82
626
33,276
I’ve been tagged in this a lot today, so here goes: Before we can talk meaningfully about transgender neurology, we first need to understand what the literature says about sex differences in the brain more generally. There are documented sex differences (on average) across various domains including white matter microstructure, cortical thickness, grey matter volume, and both structural and functional connectivity. These differences have been observed in both human and animal studies. However, it’s critical to understand that these differences stem from a combination of biological and methodological factors. Some are simply due to the overall larger brain volume typically seen in males (which affects certain metrics more than others), while others may reflect social influences or even sexual orientation. Some identified differences maybe age-dependent, while others might not arise until there is damaging pathology. Regardless of the source, these differences are generally small when examined in isolation (i.e., univariate analyses), and the specific brain regions showing sex-related differences can vary from study to study, often due to differing methodological designs. Importantly, there’s no clear-cut dichotomy here, only general trends, some of which are more consistent than others. Now, turning to the data on transgender individuals: the so-called “brain-sex hypothesis” is the most frequently cited framework. But the quality of the existing data is, frankly, not great. Many studies include transgender participants who are already on cross-sex hormone therapy (sometimes for years!) or who also identify as homosexual. Why does this matter? Because both hormone therapy and sexual orientation are independently known to influence brain structure and function, and, crucially, they’re associated with the same kinds of “cross-sex shifts” that researchers are trying to study. We have direct evidence showing that each of these variables can alter the brain in ways that mimic sex-related patterns. In fact, when researchers have scanned the brains of heterosexual transgender individuals who have NOT undergone cross-sex hormone therapy, their brains tend to resemble those of their natal sex. Bottom line: correlation is not causation.
I HATE having to address transgender issues, but the bad-faith ignorance is astounding.🧵 My feed has been filled with conservatives attacking transgenderism as a mental illness with no legit biological basis. Which is medically, demonstrably FALSE. Yes, transgender women are obviously not biologically identical to cis women. However, most also are not biologically identical to cis men either. Countless, broadly accepted medical studies have found that most transgender individuals have brain anatomy and functioning – and often hormonal, chromosomal, and genetic traits – that more closely match their experienced gender. My Substack post in my pinned tweet links to dozens of these medical studies. The conservatives yelling “that’s impossible because male and female brains are fully identical in design and function" are not only clearly, biologically, wrong, but also hypocritical. The longstanding conservative belief in “gender essentialism” centers around such brain differences as the basis for male masculine vs. female feminine personalities – as they remind us every time a liberal mom tries to raise her baby boy with barbie dolls to reject masculinity. If conservatives suddenly believe that the brain is genderless, then they are endorsing the more radical leftist idea that male masculinity and female femininity are entirely social constructs that can be erased anytime. Any takers on that theory? I didn’t think so. Typical male and female brains contain subtle but real differences. And because our genes contain a full blueprint for both male and female development, it is possible even for some people with XX or XY genes to experience chemical changes in the womb that alter some of the gender development signals, particularly to the brain. This all relates to the assertion that transgender people “live under the delusion that they can change their sex.” No, we don’t. The point is that most transgender people were already born with biological differences relative to cisgender people. They aren’t trying to “change their sex” because, biologically, they never completely developed as the other sex to begin with. As a trans person, I did not wake up and decide to “change my sex.” I knew from age 4 that something was off with my gender, and later participated in several gender medical studies that confirmed a more female brain chemistry/architecture/functioning, hormone levels, and other biological characteristics. Most people who transition are merely aligning the rest of their body with other observable biological gender aspects (mostly in the brain) that emerged before birth. So, no, a trans woman is not the same as a cis woman. But she is probably not biologically identical to a cis male either. While the scientific discoveries continue to evolve (particularly in identifying the key genes), it has been firmly, medically established that transgenderism does indeed have an observable, biological basis. So it would be nice if more of the conservatives (and some liberals) who pride themselves on “standing up for truth and basic gender science” actually bothered to read and understand the scientific research. And if you are too invested in hating trans people to accept that gender science is more complicated than the simplified model you learned in 10th grade biology, well, as conservatives love to remind everyone else, “facts don’t care about your feelings.”
25
117
675
80,948
Challenge for activists: Show me where “gender identity” is located within the brain. Any particular regions? Functional networks? Structural connections? Show me what, where, how “gender identity” is stored neurologically
46
45
651
21,543
What a brilliant exchange… 🙈 Nice to see activists engage in academic discussions online:
38
75
617
20,969
Being against gender ideology doesn’t mean you’re against trans people!
45
46
574
Gender identity = personality Agree or disagree? 🤔
202
28
588
23,821
Wow. After all the “concern”, @TransLucent_Org will not be publishing their “groundbreaking” research article… Anyone else disappointed?
84
70
575
What would it take to convince you that “gender identity” is real? For me, a consistent definition would be a good place to start 🙄
156
31
574
38,861
The number of people disagreeing with this concerns me…
Sexual orientation is always in relation to natal sex. Thus, a trans woman (natal male) sexually aroused by other males, is homosexual.
31
20
522
12,185
No, transgender women do not have “women’s brains”…
13
43
502
15,092
When you debate an activist about the neurological correlates of gender dysphoria, it’s always evidently clear they’ve not read the literature. Yet, despite this, they have an unjustified over-confidence in their ability to defend their argument.
22
55
495
27,878
Retweet this task for gender activists: Define “gender identity” clearly, then provide neurological evidence supporting it based on that specific definition. Cite your best papers, but then also explain WHY you think it’s high-quality. I’ll be waiting to see the results.
24
86
504
23,337
Stop telling kids they have an innate “gender identity” - there is no evidence for it and you’re only trying to indoctrinate young children who cannot think for themselves!
7
59
463
Male heterosexual cross-dressers (n=37) took part in a questionnaire on their subjective level of sexual arousal (from never to always) when dressing as a woman. Subsequent phallometric tests of penile volume (quantitative measure of sexual arousal) revealed that even those who self-reported never experiencing sexual arousal to cross-dressing showed greater penile volumetric changes when hearing cross-dressing fantasies as compared to non-cross dressing heterosexual controls (n=10): jstor.org/stable/3812291
27
113
471
66,075
Replying to @HilllbillyHugs
Sex is defined around reproductive role, of which there are only two in our species. Intersex conditions are sex-specific. Neurological sexual differentiation doesn’t determine or define natal sex…
6
3
479
5,013
It shouldn’t be controversial (particularly as a neuroscientist) to suggest that puberty blockers will stunt/affect brain maturation is some way. Yet somehow, it is… 🙈
27
72
446
15,806
Trans women attracted to men are homosexual (androphilic), but activists would have you believe this person is heterosexual because they’re a “woman”. Sexual orientation revolves around sex, not “gender identity”.
9
49
450
11,532
It’s becoming increasingly clear that the only people with any sort of sex atypical cerebral differentiation occurs in homosexual individuals (on average).
1
45
448
Where is the “internal gender identity”?
Gender identity has biological precursors in the brain. When the internal gender identity conflicts with the body, you get gender dysphoria. Medical science. Maybe you should go to the chemo clinic and preach repentance to them.
33
21
468
12,065
Just because you disagree with the science, doesn’t make the science bigoted or transphobic…
11
52
438
“Women aren’t strictly female” 🤔🤔🤔
13
19
449
7,936
If we try to search for “gender identity” within the brain, which is apparently innate/immutable but highly fluid (according to the multitude of different definitions we receive), how are we supposed to find it? What exactly are we looking for?
46
49
433
22,183
Also, transgender people tend to have lots of co-morbidities from depression, anxiety, anorexia, autism, and a homosexual orientation. All of this needs to be considered when looking at neuroscience studies on this population.
21
25
411
Average sex differences within the brain that are observed at the population level does NOT mean there is a male/female brain dichotomy. People need to understand this…
20
39
415
Sexuality is based on your attraction to ONE of the TWO sexes, not “gender identity”. Many gender activists are trying to re-define this! For instance, they believe a trans woman (natal male), who is sexually attracted to males, is heterosexual. This goes against all science!
22
50
407
13,180
Gender dysphoria (GD) and anorexia nervosa (AN) both have underlying brain differences associated with each other, perhaps unsurprisingly given the similarity in symptoms (dissatisfaction with their body). That being said, what are these brain similarities?
15
112
414
Can anyone define gender identity?
232
39
403
This article is often cited as evidence that the brains of transgender women (TW) resemble the brains of natal women. However, once looking at the data, we see that this may not be the case. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article…
8
117
435
49,305
When viewing your brain scan, what tipped you off that it was female?
By the way, the brain is biological and mine is in fact female - I've seen the scans myself, one of the rare trans women to have done so. My endocrine system is running on female hormonal levels. My breasts are identical to any other woman's breasts.
32
22
391
396,380
My views on the neurology of gender dysphoria stems from the data. I do NOT wish to invalidate the lived experience of trans people, but if I see issues & flaws in the literature then I’m going to identify them and raise questions. This is good in the long run & isn’t transphobic
17
31
397
What brain structures are used to determine whether you have a male or female gender? - @chxnw0o
23
27
400
10,463
Define and explain what you mean by “neurological sex” - @PompeySteph
Trans people are human beings whose neurological sex doesn't match their sex assigned at birth. We are part of the rainbow of human diversity, who are currently being persecuted by the ignorant, arrogant, and hateful simply because we are different
25
23
405
10,205
This woman’s “fact” (that she learnt in her anatomy class at 16) about transgender brain structure leaves @MattWalshBlog speechless.
131
36
380
178,590
Pronouns refer to biological sex. Agree or disagree? And why?
148
4
351
Question for gender activists: Is “gender identity” innate/immutable or fluid? I ask because your definitions seem rather fluid themselves…
35
24
357
17,394
That awkward moment when you tell someone that after controlling for sexual orientation transgender individuals no longer show a cross-sex shift in the brain, and then they precede to cite a study that didn’t control for sexual orientation as “proof” they are correct… 😬
11
64
348
19,705
Can everyone tag the most influential people combating gender ideology? I want to add as many of these people to my Twitter lists! Thank you 😊
186
60
326
78,708
We’ve been told “gender identities” are innate, a social construct, immutable, fluid, develops in childhood, develops in utero, is neurological, is psychological, there’s two of them, and there’s hundreds of them. These inconsistencies alone should make you query it’s integrity!
9
58
342
What sexed brain do non-binary people have? If males and females share many brain characteristics, what’s the neurological evidence for “non-binary”?
70
30
309
17,377
Replying to @fear_the_kitten
Perhaps read the tweet I’m quoting…
6
322
4,943
The brains of trans individuals only show sex-atypicality when they are also homosexual. Sexual orientation is the unexplained variable.
The brains of trans people are equivalent to the sex they transition into. And yes, trans men are men and trans women are women.
10
40
334
9,909
Nobody is “born in the wrong body”
8
34
323
8,424
The fact that individuals identify as transgender does not, in itself, constitute scientific evidence for the existence of an innate “gender identity.” People may identify as transgender for a variety of psychological, social, or cultural reasons. Moreover, claims that transgender individuals have brain structures resembling those of the opposite sex require more rigorous scientific scrutiny. When studies control for factors such as co-occurring homosexuality or hormone use, these structural differences often disappear.
the proof that gender identity exists is that trans people exist. as well as the fact that trans people have the same brain structure as their aligned gender
12
33
338
11,964
It’s been shown that individuals with GD show weaker structural & functional connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) of the brain, which is vital for body perception/image and self referential processing nature.com/articles/s41598-0…
5
37
311
It doesn’t matter how many times I point out limitations in the literature on the neurology of gender dysphoria, activists will continually deny them because I’m still a PhD student. My qualifications don’t change the state of literature. It is bad faith to attack the individual, rather than address the argument.
26
28
320
14,541
This isn’t how the scientists conducting these kind of studies define it. I think we’ve identified the issue here. Researchers use scales that define sexual orientation based on the individuals sex, regardless of the self-proclaimed gender identity.
3
4
317
4,873
Didn’t expect to see this today 😂 Thanks for the follow @jk_rowling !!
27
7
302
11,746
Just found out that “non-binary” in Spanish is either “no binerio” (masculine) OR “no bineria” (feminine). It changes based on gender. Seems ironic…
30
23
297
8,684
Children are NOT mature enough to fully understand the consequences when it comes to transitioning.
12
30
300
Read mine and Colin Wright’s (@SwipeWright) new rebuttal tackling the claims made by @realJennyBoylan in her article “To understand biological sex, look to the brain, not the body” city-journal.org/article/gen…
13
77
305
24,922
Where is the “substantial body of evidence” that gender identity is formed in utero?
There is theory now (substantial body of evidence) that gender identity is formed in utero - in the areas of the brain that recognise the body. In transgender the evidence points to a disconnect between what the brain thinks the body is and the final presentation.
19
23
317
6,518
Genuine question: Does the trans community want a neurological explanation for their dysphoria? If yes, does it have to be the brain sex argument? I ask because alternative explanations always seem to get rejected by activists (AGP or body perception).
51
24
297
22,136
It’s important to note that correlation is NOT causation. Just because we observe a different pattern in GD subjects compared to neuro-typical controls, doesn’t not suggest it’s innate (born with) or a product of post natal experience. We simply don’t know.
7
18
288
Where is the neurological data for “gender identity”? 🤔
61
29
283
18,841
Androgens and estrogens are so powerful, and can thus cause huge physiological differences between men and women, such as genitalia, muscle mass, height, weight, fat dispersion, immune function, voice pitch, and bone density. But we are supposed to believe (according to blank-slate supporters & sex difference deniers) that those SAME hormones have *no* impact on the brain, especially during critical periods of development?!? Call me controversial, but I beg to differ!
26
43
305
21,647
You cannot claim that "gender identity" is both fluid and malluble, yet innate and immutable at the same time.
18
51
287
5,017
🙄🙄🙄
23
8
295
10,360
“𝘎𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘢𝘭𝘭𝘺 𝘢 𝘯𝘦𝘶𝘳𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘱𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘴𝘦𝘹 𝘤𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘮𝘰𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘴” This has to be a nomination for the most ridiculous gender activist statement of the year!
22
45
300
7,825