Brain: A Journal of Neurology. Publishing leading studies in neurological science since 1878.
London
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Is schizophrenia a by-product of human brain evolution? By comparing the human and chimpanzee connectomes, van den Heuvel et al. show that connections unique to the human brain show greater involvement in schizophrenia pathology. bit.ly/2pqpLAs
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Horsager et al. present evidence for the existence of two subtypes of Parkinson's disease: 'brain-first', which starts in the brain and propagates downwards, and 'body-first', which originates in the ANS of the gut and spreads to the brain. bit.ly/34OaU59
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Shine et al. argue that the brain’s serotonergic system can be better understood when viewed from the perspective of the gastrointestinal tract. bit.ly/3cEyDdV
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Shine et al. argue that the brain’s serotonergic system can be better understood when viewed from the perspective of the gastrointestinal tract. bit.ly/3cEyDdV
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In a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial, Koch et al. find that 24 weeks of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the precuneus slows down cognitive and functional decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. bit.ly/3SUOGnv
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Swallowing is a complex sensorimotor task with widespread neural control. Jones et al. explore swallowing disorders in neurological conditions through the lens of frameworks used by neurologists to classify characteristics of movement. tinyurl.com/4bw44rev
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Eide et al. show that one night of total sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from brain tissue including cerebral cortex and white matter. Subsequent sleep does not compensate for the clearance failure. bit.ly/3vB9d5d
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Norcliffe et al. show that in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome, the increase in heart rate that occurs upon standing is associated with a fear-conditioned response involving sympatho-adrenal activation. bit.ly/3oaxy05
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Why do female patients with Alzheimer's disease have more pronounced tau pathology than males? Wang et al. report that amyloid modulates tau phosphorylation in a sex-specific manner, contributing to faster neurofibrillary tangle accumulation in females. tinyurl.com/2m377ndx
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Horsager et al. present evidence for the existence of two subtypes of Parkinson's disease: 'brain-first', which starts in the brain and propagates downwards, and 'body-first', which originates in the ANS of the gut and spreads to the brain. bit.ly/34OaU59
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By analysing videos of concussions in professional American football games and modelling the impacts, Zimmerman et al. identify a biomechanical signature associated with loss of consciousness. bit.ly/3IaW6Bc
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In a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial, Koch et al. find that 24 weeks of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the precuneus slows down cognitive and functional decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. bit.ly/3SUOGnv
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Eide et al. show that one night of total sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from brain tissue including cerebral cortex and white matter. Subsequent sleep does not compensate for the clearance failure. bit.ly/3vB9d5d
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The Hidden Life of the Basal Ganglia: At the Base of Brain and Mind
Andreas Horn reviews Hagai Bergman's new book: bit.ly/3mYbkNB
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Sasikumar and Strafella review the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of functional neurological disorders and in helping to identify the neurobiological networks that underlie them. bit.ly/3gcEJ4W
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Kollenburg et al. review the molecular mechanisms and regional activity patterns underlying headache disorders including migraine, cluster headache, and paroxysmal hemicrania. tinyurl.com/46aafjxu
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Why are people with epilepsy not continuously having seizures? Using intracranial recordings, Johnson et al. provide evidence that the seizure-onset network is actively suppressed by the rest of the brain during interictal states. tinyurl.com/247fddx7
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Smirnov et al. review existing knowledge on the vascularization of human cerebral white matter, and discuss the clinical implications of white matter anatomy for acute ischaemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease. bit.ly/3GAnEfZ
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Using thalamic and cortical intracranial EEG recordings, Wodeyar et al. identify a circuit through which sleep spindles—rhythms critical for memory—are disrupted by epileptic spikes, providing a mechanism for cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy. tinyurl.com/33pex3cv
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Somervail et al. show that surprising sensory stimuli – eg loud beeps – activate much more of the brain than previously thought, through a long-overlooked pathway called the extralemniscal system, with implications for basic and clinical neuroscience. tinyurl.com/mv4d3spp
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Some blind individuals experience visual hallucinations. Hahamy et al. show that these hallucinations are likely the result of spontaneous brain activity in early visual cortex, which ignites the entire visual hierarchy. bit.ly/38N8ioj
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Computational neuropsychiatry seeks to explain neurological and psychiatric disorders in terms of neuronal message passing. Bottemanne et al. argue that these models may not apply to vascular neurological pathologies and severe tauopathy & synucleinopathy. tinyurl.com/bddu23ve
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Severino et al. provide standardized terminology and definitions for the classification of malformations of cortical development, as well as practical recommendations for interpreting brain MRI in these patients. bit.ly/3iyd64e
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How does the cerebellum contribute to cognition? McDougle, Tsay et al. show that individuals with cerebellar pathology are impaired on cognitive tasks that require continuous manipulation of mental representations, but not simple memory retrieval. bit.ly/3WGg5fz
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Jenkins et al. review functional and structural neuroimaging studies of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, including apathy and disinhibition, in behavioural variant FTD and dementia of the Alzheimer type. bit.ly/3uMHAYJ
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"Ask any neurologist, neuroscientist or psychologist what the frontal lobes do and you’ll receive a different answer from each of them."
Masud Husain reviews 'On Task: How Our Brain Gets Things Done' by David Badre bit.ly/3ub7rGS
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Talozzi et al. report that long-term stroke symptoms can be predicted individually based on acute clinical neuroimaging with a mean absolute error below 20%, and provide the first atlas of disconnectome-deficit relationships. bit.ly/3zqxO0q
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By analysing videos of concussions in professional American football games and modelling the impacts, Zimmerman et al. show that loss of consciousness is associated with deformation in brainstem regions containing nuclei involved in arousal. tinyurl.com/2s4kp6x6
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Patients with FTD often present with repetitive behaviours, including compulsivity, stereotypy, and hoarding. Restrepo-Martínez et al. review established definitions of repetitive behaviours and propose operational definitions applicable to FTD. tinyurl.com/rwu3dj7x
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Penfield’s motor homunculus anthropomorphizes the cerebral level of motor control – the upper motor neuron – but leaves the cranial & spinal motor neurons unrepresented. Ravits and Stack redress the imbalance by presenting a lower motor neuron homunculus. bit.ly/3GYnXnG
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The first human clinical trial of Aβ immunisation in Alzheimer’s disease began almost 20 years ago. In a postmortem follow-up study, Nicoll et al. reveal persistent Aβ plaque removal up to 14 years after immunisation, but continued spreading of tau. bit.ly/2JTPdqI
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Jenkins et al. review functional and structural neuroimaging studies of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including apathy and disinhibition, across behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. bit.ly/3uht6As
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Sasikumar and Strafella review the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of functional neurological disorders and in helping to reveal the neurobiological networks that underlie them. bit.ly/3gcEJ4W
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Balcom et al. outline the neurological syndromes associated with COVID-19 in adults, including both acute and chronic disorders of the CNS and PNS. bit.ly/3eTXXun
+Editorial: bit.ly/3qNCF78
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Hippocampal vascularization patterns vary between individuals. Perosa et al. show that a mixed hippocampal supply, as opposed to a single one, provides a hippocampal vascular reserve that protects against cognitive impairment. bit.ly/2uhftVD
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Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as playing key roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Smethurst et al. review the role of astrocytes in prion-like mechanisms of neurodegeneration, across a spectrum of neurological disorders. bit.ly/3vXEeDD
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Approximately 50% of adults over 80 with significant Alzheimer’s disease pathology show normal cognition. Arenaza-Urquijo et al. identify a brain metabolic ´resilience signature´ in cognitively stable 80-plus adults. bit.ly/2UyexUI
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Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as playing key roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Smethurst et al. review the role of astrocytes in prion-like mechanisms of neurodegeneration, across a spectrum of neurological disorders. bit.ly/3vXEeDD
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By analysing videos of concussions in professional American football games and modelling the impacts, Zimmerman et al. identify a biomechanical signature associated with loss of consciousness. bit.ly/3IaW6Bc
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Cleaver et al. review the clinical presentation and immunobiology of brain disease caused by the herpes simplex virus, and discuss how relapses can be caused by immune reactions against neuronal proteins. tinyurl.com/4f67vcfe
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Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as playing key roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Smethurst et al. review the role of astrocytes in prion-like mechanisms of neurodegeneration, across a spectrum of neurological disorders. bit.ly/3vXEeDD
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Bhargava et al. review the role of B cells in mediating cortical demyelination and neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis, and discuss treatment strategies that could be used to target pathogenic B cells. bit.ly/3R5MI3F
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Paterson, Brown et al. present clinical, radiological and laboratory findings from patients with neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection. bit.ly/2BRZEIP #COVID @michael_zandi
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Patients with FTD often present with repetitive behaviours, including compulsivity, stereotypy, and hoarding. Restrepo-Martínez et al. review established definitions of repetitive behaviours and propose operational definitions applicable to FTD. tinyurl.com/rwu3dj7x
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About half of people with Parkinson’s disease develop dementia within 10 yrs post-diagnosis. Kouli et al. show using PET that patients with higher dementia risk have increased neuroinflammation at early disease stages. tinyurl.com/4tzhnbmf
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Balcom et al. outline the neurological syndromes associated with COVID-19 in adults, including both acute and chronic disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems. bit.ly/3y5yaGB
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Koch et al. review new approaches using non-invasive brain stimulation to try to enhance cognitive function or slow cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. tinyurl.com/2s3k7je6
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Sasikumar and Strafella review the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of functional neurological disorders and in helping to reveal the neurobiological networks that underlie them. bit.ly/3gcEJ4W
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Sasikumar and Strafella review the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of functional neurological disorders, and in helping to identify the neurobiological networks that underlie them. bit.ly/3ts0eDy
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How does deep brain stimulation work? Neumann et al. provide a critical review of competing theories of the underlying mechanisms of action. tinyurl.com/373zr8pk
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Two COVID-19 papers in this issue of BRAIN: Paterson et al. examine neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection: bit.ly/2BRZEIP. Hernández-Fernández et al. report the incidence of cerebrovascular disease in pts hospitalized with COVID-19: bit.ly/2W4iymO
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Why are people with epilepsy not continuously having seizures? Using intracranial recordings, Johnson et al. provide evidence that the seizure-onset network is actively suppressed by the rest of the brain during interictal states. tinyurl.com/247fddx7
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On the intersection between systemic infection, brain vascular dysfunction and dementia.
New scientific commentary by Huuskonen, Kisler, Sagare & Zlokovic. bit.ly/2SlH8R2
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Navigating the recurrent perplexity of prefrontal function.
David Badre reviews Dick Passingham's new book on the PFC. bit.ly/3wNWHRC
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Rust et al. examine the structure of the blood–brain barrier, highlighting changes with aging, neurodegeneration, and injury. They discuss how BBB disruption can accelerate disease progression, and review emerging drug delivery strategies. tinyurl.com/ykrwr7wn
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About half of people with Parkinson's disease develop dementia within 10 yrs post-diagnosis. Kouli, Spindler et al. show that pts with higher dementia risk have increased inflammation early on, suggesting that this could be a potential treatment target. tinyurl.com/57phrueh
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Warning of serious brain disorders in people with mild coronavirus symptoms theguardian.com/world/2020/j…
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Why do female patients with AD have more pronounced tau pathology compared to males? Wang et al. provide evidence that amyloid modulates tau phosphorylation in a sex-specific manner, contributing to faster neurofibrillary tau accumulation in females. tinyurl.com/5n7jfpf8
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In a retrospective study, Eriksson et al. show that epilepsy surgery was able to halt and even reverse a decline in neuropsychological functioning in certain children by providing seizure freedom and the opportunity to discontinue antiseizure medication. tinyurl.com/2s3wu9u6
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Welcome to our new Editor-in-Chief, Masud Husain @MasudHusain and his Deputy Editors, Ammar Al-Chalabi @AmmarAlChalabi and Giovanna Mallucci @MallucciLab
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What causes absence seizures and are they truly benign? Crunelli et al. review the pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy and comorbidities of absence seizures, and highlight the role of cortical and thalamic mechanisms in driving them. bit.ly/2WSBK7v
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Horsager et al. present evidence for the existence of two subtypes of Parkinson's disease: 'brain-first', which starts in the brain and propagates downwards, and 'body-first', which originates in the ANS of the gut and spreads to the brain. bit.ly/34OaU59
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Rust et al. examine the structure of the blood–brain barrier, highlighting changes with aging, neurodegeneration, and injury. They discuss how BBB disruption can accelerate disease progression, and review emerging drug delivery strategies. tinyurl.com/ykrwr7wn
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Using multimodal structural and functional neuroimaging approaches, Wiesman et al. show that in Parkinson's disease, alterations in alpha and beta brain rhythms are related to degeneration of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems respectively. tinyurl.com/28nfau8f
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Late-onset epilepsy and neurodegeneration: intersecting mechanisms or separate entities?
New scientific commentary by Xin You Tai and Marian Galovic tinyurl.com/563dwhbr
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Giampiccolo and Duffau reappraise anatomical and functional evidence regarding the temporal cortical terminations of the left arcuate fasciculus, by combining dissection and tractography findings with awake stimulation data. bit.ly/3gCqk0U
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Björklund & Barker summarize data in support of the idea that cholinergic neuron transplants could be used to restore cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease. tinyurl.com/jpaburex
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Smirnov et al. review existing knowledge on the vascularization of human cerebral white matter, and discuss the clinical implications of white matter anatomy for acute ischaemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease. bit.ly/3GAnEfZ
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Was Broca wrong? New Editorial in this month's Brain: tinyurl.com/59fktz8m
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A broader view of dementia: multiple co-pathologies are the norm. New scientific commentary by Coulthard & Love: bit.ly/2MAxSQz, bit.ly/2KzyMw7
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Johansson et al. show that plasma GFAP begins to increase 10 years before symptom onset in Alzheimer's disease, prior to P-tau181 and NfL, suggesting that GFAP is mirroring pathology upstream of tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. bit.ly/3XB0QVB
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Untangling white matter fibre changes in Alzheimer's disease and small vessel disease
New scientific commentary by Elouise Koops & Heidi Jacobs bit.ly/3IzoXPn
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Donahue et al. review the anatomy and function of the parasagittal dural space, highlighting its roles in neuroimmune surveillance and in the clearance of proteins implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. tinyurl.com/44f4jk8y
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Thompson-Lake et al. show atypical development of Broca’s area and a larger globus pallidus in a four-generation family with inherited stuttering. An imbalance of inhibition in the cortical-subcortical speech network could be a target for intervention. bit.ly/3DT33ls
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Weisman et al. critically examine the claim that pain can exist purely in the mind, without any physical trigger in the body, arguing instead that nociception is necessary – but not sufficient – for pain. tinyurl.com/yw88waba
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Blood GFAP reflects astrocyte reactivity to Alzheimer’s pathology in post-mortem brain tissue
New scientific commentary by Christian Limberger & Eduardo Zimmer tinyurl.com/2354tnwv
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Piper et al. review the mechanisms by which intracranial neurostimulation therapies reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and examine the neural networks underpinning current stimulation targets. bit.ly/3TG3HKV
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Post-herpes simplex virus encephalitis autoimmunity: more the rule than the exception
New scientific commentary by Frank Leypoldt & Klaus-Peter Wandinger tinyurl.com/4mnxt4mp
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Okkels et al. report severe cholinergic terminal loss in newly diagnosed dementia with Lewy bodies, and suggest that degeneration of the cholinergic system leads to altered brain metabolism and may be linked with degeneration in other transmitter systems. tinyurl.com/bdef5e2t
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Carlstrom et al. review current understanding of the glymphatic system, including its structure, function and relevance to human neurological disease, and discuss the opportunities to harness glymphatic science for therapeutic applications. bit.ly/3rLwCCe
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Mesulam reviews the temporopolar region, an area once considered terra incognita, which has since emerged as a crucial crossroads for the associative elaboration of word meaning, object recognition, and social conduct. bit.ly/3UF07AH
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Some blind individuals experience visual hallucinations. Hahamy et al. show that these hallucinations are likely the result of spontaneous brain activity in early visual cortex, which ignites the entire visual hierarchy. bit.ly/38N8ioj
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Eyre et al. map the trajectories of functional brain development at term age in 337 infants, showing a primary-to-higher-order ontogenetic sequence of brain development and the effects of preterm birth on neonatal functional connectivity. bit.ly/3tTsvSy
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Sasikumar and Strafella review the role of neuroimaging in the diagnosis of functional neurological disorders and in helping to reveal the neurobiological networks that underlie them. bit.ly/3gcEJ4W
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Numan et al. report that gliomas are more likely to occur in brain regions that are characterized by intrinsically higher activity levels. bit.ly/3SquauS
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Filippi et al. provide a practical guide to the assessment of lesions on MRI in multiple sclerosis, including a description and illustration of typical features, and a discussion of red flags suggestive of alternative diagnoses. bit.ly/2YpeGyY
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Chu et al. identify specific atrophy networks associated with different clinical subtypes of frontotemporal dementia, and with apathy and disinhibition, and propose that the findings will aid the selection of future neuromodulation targets. tinyurl.com/p8873wk7
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Bhargava et al. review the role of B cells in mediating cortical demyelination and neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis, and discuss treatment strategies that could be used to target pathogenic B cells. bit.ly/3R5MI3F
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Ganos et al. associate a functional network including striatal, thalamic and insular regions of the brain with i) the occurrence of tics resulting from brain lesions and ii) successful tic reduction following DBS treatment. bit.ly/3FG54Bn
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Ganos et al. associate a functional network including striatal, thalamic and insular regions of the brain with i) the occurrence of tics resulting from brain lesions and ii) successful tic reduction following DBS treatment. bit.ly/3FG54Bn
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Inside out: the neural basis of spontaneous and creative thinking
New scientific commentary by Alizée Lopez-Persem, Emmanuel Mandonnet & Emmanuelle Volle academic.oup.com/brain/artic…
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Smirnov et al. review existing knowledge on the vascularization of human cerebral white matter, and discuss the clinical implications of white matter anatomy for acute ischaemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease. bit.ly/3GAnEfZ
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Parkinson’s disease has a long prodromal stage with multiple subclinical motor and non-motor manifestations. Fereshtehnejad et al. map the trajectory and evolution of these prodromal features. bit.ly/2EjlNO8
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Repetitive TMS applied to the precuneus stabilizes cognitive status in Alzheimer’s disease.
New scientific commentary by Zahra Moussavi bit.ly/3V1DS8D; bit.ly/3Xr9o1K
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Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with progressive cortical atrophy. Galovic et al. show that successful epilepsy surgery prevents further neurodegeneration and may be neuroprotective. bit.ly/2GWElIv
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Jenkins et al. review functional and structural neuroimaging studies of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including apathy and disinhibition, across behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. bit.ly/3uht6As
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Mark Edwards discusses what functional neurological disorders reveal about modern medicine, and argues that the passivity of the traditional sick role needs replacing with a participatory, rehabilitative medical practice. bit.ly/3muDyzf
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Agosta et al. examine the relationship between network vulnerability and atrophy progression in FTD, using the Network Diffusion Model of pathology spread, and show that the model can accurately predict atrophy evolution. tinyurl.com/23hhbcw4
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